Table 1.
Univariate analysis of characteristics in 26 temporal lobe epilepsy patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging and without specific histopathology related to Engel class outcomes
| Characteristic analysed | Patients | Engel class I | Engel class II-IV | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Risk factors | ||||
| Febrile convulsions | 2 (8) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0.211 |
| Meningoencephalitis | 2 (8) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | |
| Head injury | 5 (19) | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| Unknown | 17 (65) | 9 (53) | 8 (47) | |
| Age at seizure onset, median (min-max) (years) | 13.5 (2–33) | 15.5 (7–33) | 9.5 (2–25) | 0.031a |
| Duration of epilepsy, median (min-max) (years) | 19.5 (4–47) | 19.5 (4–47) | 21 (5–46) | 0.623 |
| Age at surgery, median (min-max) (years) | 37 (17–55) | 38.5 (17–55) | 31 (18–52) | 0.182 |
| Ictal seizure semiology | ||||
| Typical | 19 (73) | 14 (74) | 5 (26) | 0.036a |
| Atypical | 7 (27) | 2 (29) | 5 (71) | |
| Seizure types | ||||
| Seizures without impairment of consciousness/awareness | 1 (4) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 0.329 |
| Focal dyscognitive seizures | 4 (15) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | |
| Combination Ib | 9 (35) | 7 (78) | 2 (22) | |
| Combination IIc | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | |
| Combination IIId | 10 (38) | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | |
| Seizure type frequency | ||||
| Without impairment of consciousness/awareness, median (min-max)/(months) | 14 (4–300) | 14 (4–300) | 51 (8–140) | 0.461 |
| Focal dyscognitive seizures, median (min-max) (months) | 8 (1–196) | 5 (1–20) | 8 (2–196) | 0.080 |
| Bilateral convulsive seizures, median (min-max) (years) | 8 (1–52) | 3.5 (1–36) | 18 (4–52) | 0.132 |
| Interictal scalp EEG | ||||
| Localised discharges | 8 (31) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 0.347 |
| Non-localised discharges | 18 (69) | 10 (56) | 8 (44) | |
| Ictal scalp EEG | ||||
| Localised discharges | 10 (38) | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | 0.018a |
| Non-localised discharges | 16 (62) | 7 (44) | 9 (56) | |
| Intracranial interictal EEG | ||||
| Localised discharges | 12 (55) | 8 (67) | 4 (33) | 0.211 |
| Non-localised discharges | 10 (45) | 4 (40) | 6 (60) | |
| Intracranial ictal EEG | ||||
| Medial discharges | 12 (55) | 6 (50) | 6 (50) | 0.783 |
| Concurrent medial and lateral neocortical discharges | 4 (18) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | |
| Lateral neocortical discharges | 6 (27) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | |
| 18F-FDG PET | ||||
| Localised | 15 (88) | 10 (67) | 5 (33) | 1.00 |
| Non-localised (remote) | 2 (12) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| 11C-FMZ PET | ||||
| Localised | 7 (78) | 5 (71) | 2 (29) | 1.00 |
| Non-localised (normal) | 2 (22) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | |
| Interictal SPECT | ||||
| Localised | 13 (65) | 5 (38) | 8 (62) | 0.350 |
| Non-localised | 7 (35) | 5 (71) | 2 (29) | |
| Ictal SPECT | ||||
| Localised | 6 (75) | 2 (33) | 4 (67) | 1.00 |
| Non-localised | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | |
11 C-FMZ PET [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography, 18 F-FDG PET [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, EEG electroencephalography, SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
aAt the 0.05 level, higher median age at seizure onset, typical ictal seizure semiology and localised discharges on ictal scalp EEG are significantly associated with Engel class I outcome
bCombination I: combination of seizures without impairment of consciousness/awareness and focal dyscognitive seizures
cCombination II: combination of seizures without impairment of consciousness/awareness, focal dyscognitive seizures and bilateral convulsive seizures
dCombination III: combination of focal dyscognitive seizures and bilateral convulsive seizures