(a).

Reference	Study design	N	Study conditions	Age group (range or mean ± SD)∗	Health condition	EX intervention
Aiello et al. (2016)	Meta-analysis	180	EX versus control	Adults (32–54)	OSA	AE
						RT
Alley et al. (2015)	Single group	24	EX versus control	YA (18–25)	Healthy	RT
Ashrafinia et al. (2014)	Open trial	80	EX versus control	YA, adults (18–35)	Postpartum	Pilates
Baron et al. (2013)	Single group	11	EX versus control	OA (≥55)	Insomnia	AE
Brand et al. (2014)	Observational	52	Moderate versus vigorous EX	YA (19.70 ± 0.30)	Athletes	Various sports
Chen et al. (2017)	Observational	12728	Different levels of physical activity and smoking	YA, adults, OA (18–≥65)	Healthy, smokers	Various
Dishman et al. (2015)	Observational	8523	Different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness	YA, adults, OA (20–85)	Healthy	AE (VO2peak)
Du et al. (2015)	Meta-analysis	460	EX versus control	OA (65–75)	Healthy	Tai chi
					SC
Durcan et al. (2014)	RCT	78	EX versus control	Adults, OA (59 ± 12)	RA	AE
						RT
Dzierzewski et al. (2014)	Single group	79	EX versus control	Adults, OA (63.58 ± 8.66)	Healthy	—
Erlacher et al. (2015)	Open trial	98	EX versus control	YA, adults, OA (22–77)	SC	AE
Fairbrother et al. (2014)	Single group	20	EX during different times of day	Adults (30–60)	Prehypertension	AE
Gambassi et al. (2015)	Open trial	16	EX versus control	OA (65 ± 3)	Healthy	RT
Harp (2015)	Single group	2027	Pre- versus post-EX	YA (21.8 ± 5.0)	Healthy	AE
Harris et al. (2017)	Observational	74	Athletes versus controls	Adolescents (16.7 ± 0.72)	Healthy, athletes	Various
Iftikhar et al. (2014)	Meta-analysis	129	EX versus control	Adults (49.1 ± 8.5)	OSA	AE, RT
Killer et al. (2015)	Single group	13	Pre- and post-EX	YA (25 ± 6)	Athletes	—
Kredlow et al. (2015)	Meta-analysis	2863	Acute EX versus control	YA, adults, OA (18.3–88.5)	Healthy, athletes, SC	AE, RT
			Chronic EX versus control	YA, adults, OA (18.3–88.5)	Healthy, SC	AE, Tai chi, Yoga
Lang et al. (2016)	Meta-analysis	16549	High versus low EX versus control	Adolescents, YA (14–24)	Healthy, athletes	—
Løppenthin et al. (2014)	RCT	44	EX versus control	YA, adults, OA (18–70)	RA	AE
Melancon et al. (2015)	Single group	13	EX versus control	Adults, OA (57–70)	Healthy	AE
Mendelson et al. (2016)	Open trial	40	EX versus control	Adolescents (14.5 ± 1.5)	Obese, healthy	AE, RT
Nam et al. (2016)	Open trial	77	Diet + EX versus diet alone	Adults, OA (35–65)	Type 2 diabetes	—
Rethorst et al. (2015)	Open trial	126	High versus low EX	YA, adults, OA (18–70)	Major depression	AE
Siddarth et al. (2014)	Observational	42	Mind-body EX versus AE	Adults, OA (64.6 ± 13.6)	Healthy	Yoga, Tai chi, AE
Strand et al. (2013)	Observational	3489	Different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness	Adults, OA (51.9 ± 12.4)	Healthy	AE (VO2peak)
Suppiah et al. (2015)	Observational	11	Low- versus high-intensity EX versus control	Adolescents (14.8 ± 0.9)	Athletes	Bowling (low intensity), badminton (high intensity)
Suppiah et al. (2016)	Observational	29	Low- versus high-intensity EX versus control	Adolescents (14.7 ± 1.3)	Athletes	Shooting (low intensity), sprinters (high intensity)
Vincent et al. (2017)	Single group	65	Different levels of physical activity	Children (8–11)	Healthy	Various
Wang and Youngstedt (2014)	Single group	15	Light versus moderate EX versus control	Adults, OA (60–74)	Healthy	AE
Wennman et al. (2014)	Observational	6414	Leisure versus commuting versus occupational EX versus control	YA, adults, OA (25–74)	Healthy	Various
Williams et al. (2014)	Observational	234	Light versus moderate-vigorous EX versus control	Children (3–7)	Healthy	Various
Yamanaka et al. (2015)	Single group	22	Morning versus evening EX versus control	YA (22 ± 1.8)	Healthy	AE
Zheng et al. (2017)	Observational	452024	Different levels of physical activity	Adults, OA (30–79)	Healthy	Various