. 2017 Feb 25;54(5):489–497. doi: 10.1007/s00592-017-0971-4

Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the diabetic group noDR and NPDR compared to C group, mean (SD)

	C n = 13	NoDR n = 19	NPDR n = 18	Test degrees of freedom p value
Gender (M/W)	5/8	9/10	10/8	χ ² = 0.889
				df = 2
				p = 0.641
Age (years)	35.8 (6.1)	38.2 (10.9)	44.9 (9.1)^b,c	F = −3.934
				df = 2.47
				p = 0.027
				η ² = 0.15
Diabetes duration (years)	–	15.8 (10.4)	22.4 (10.3)^c	t = −2.269^a
				df = 35
				p = 0.030
				η ² = 0.13
BMI (kg/m²)	22.6 (2.0)	24.4 (3.6)	25.7 (3.1)^b	F = −3.606
				df = 2.47
				p = 0.035
				η ² = 0.14
Glycemia (mmol/L)	4.8 (0.6)	8.2 (1.6)^b	8.8 (2.0)^b	F = −28.008
				df = 2.47
				p < 0.001
				η ² = 0.55
HbA1c (%; mmol/mol)	–	7.77 (1.01) 61.33 (11.07)	8.08 (1.11) 64.79 (12.17)	t = −0.283
				df = 36
				p = 0.779
				η ² = 0.02
Tot chol (mmol/L)	4.0 (0.6)	4.5 (1.1)	4.6(1.3)	F = −1.075
				df = 2.47
				p = 0.350
				η ² = 0.04
HDL chol (mmol/L)	1.7 (0.1)	1.8 (0.3)	1.5 (0.3)^c	F = −6.012
				df = 2.47
				p = 0.005
				η ² = 0.20
LDL chol (mmol/L)	2.0 (0.6)	2.4 (0.9)	2.6 (1.0)	F = −1.609
				df = 2.47
				p = 0.211
				η ² = 0.06
Trigl (mmol/L)	0.8 (0.1)	0.8 (0.3)	1.0 (0.5)	F = −1.853
				df = 2.47
				p = 0.168
				η ² = 0.07
Microalb/creat (mg/g)	–	7.1 (6.3)	5.8 (2.7)	t = −0.421^a
				df = 15.4
				p = 0.679
				η ² = 0.01
SBP (mmHg)	–	122.4 (18.5)	122.2 (31.5)	t = 0.018
				df = 36
				p = 0.986
				η ² < 0.01
DBP (mmHg)	–	74.6 (7.7)	75.5 (6.7)	0.670
				df = 24.1
				p = 0.510
				η ² = 0.03

M men, W women, BMI body mass index, HbA1c hemoglobin glycated, Tot chol total cholesterol, HDL chol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL chol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Trigl triglycerides, Microalb/creat microalbuminuria/creatininuria, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure. ^a t–test applied after log-transformation. Statistical significance ^b p < 0.05 versus C; ^c p < 0.05 versus noDR