Table 1. Clinical and biochemical parameters at enrolment.
| Categories | DHF (n = 20) | DF (n = 30) | Non-dengue acute febrile illness (n = 11) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (median, IQR) | 42 (34.75–45.00) | 33 (28–38) | 30 (25–41) | 0.010^ |
| Male (number, percentage) | 16 (80%) | 28 (93.33%) | 7 (63.64%) | 0.065* |
| Chinese ethnicity (number, percentage) | 17 (85%) | 25 (83.33%) | 7 (63.64%) | 0.041* |
| Co-morbidities (number, percentage) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.353* |
| Hospitalization (number, percentage) | 16 (80%) | 10 (33.33%) | 2 (18.18%) | <0.001* |
| Use of IV fluid (number, percentage) | 14 (70%) | 9 (30%) | 1 (9.09%) | 0.022* |
| Positive DENV RT-PCR (number, percentage) | 18 (90%) | 27 (90%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001* |
| DENV RT-PCR crossing point (Cp) value | 24.56 (20.63–28.4) | 25.89 (22.62–29.04) | NA | 0.348# |
| Positive dengue NS1 antigen test (number, percentage) | 18 (90%) | 28 (93.33%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001* |
| Predominant serotype (serotype, number, percentage) | DENV2 (14, 70%) | DENV2 (23, 76.67%) | NA | 0.790# |
| Secondary infection rate (number, percentage) | 15 (75%) | 18 (60%) | NA | 0.428# |
| Day of fever on enrolment (median, IQR) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 0.98* |
| Temperature, degrees Celsius on enrolment (median, IQR) | 37.60 (37.10–38.00) | 37.35 (37.03–38.05) | 37 (36.75–37.30) | 0.096^ |
| Supine SBP, mmHg (median, IQR) | 113.5 (110.75–116.25) | 116.0 (110.0–120.0) | 118.0 (112.5–122.0) | 0.550^ |
| Supine DBP, mmHg (median, IQR) | 72 (62.25–75.25) | 69 (65.00–74.75) | 71 (65.50–76.50) | 0.964^ |
| Erect SBP, mmHg (median, IQR) | 110 (103.50–116.25) | 108.5 (101.0–114.75) | 127.0 (106.5–132.5) | 0.128^ |
| Erect DBP, mmHg (median, IQR) | 70 (67.0–78.0) | 69 (65.0–75.0) | 75 (71.5–80.0) | 0.195^ |
| Pulse rate (median, IQR) | 76.5 (68.0–85.0) | 79.5 (70.25–85.5) | 76.0 (63.0–77.0) | 0.305^ |
| Haemoglobin g/dL (median, IQR) | 14.9 (14.40–15.50) | 15.1 (14.63–16.03) | 14.7 (14.35–15.50) | 0.318^ |
| Haematocrit, percentage (median, IQR) | 43.15 (41.45–45.63) | 44.15 (42.43–47.03) | 42.80 (41.45–45.20) | 0.326^ |
| Leukocyte x109/L (median, IQR) | 2.30 (1.98–2.78) | 2.45 (1.88–3.08) | 4.10 (3.15–4.70) | <0.001^ |
| Neutrophil x109/L (median, IQR) | 1.37 (1.12–1.91) | 1.22 (0.96–2.03) | 2.10 (1.22–2.50) | 0.251^ |
| Lymphocyte, x109/L (median, IQR) | 0.50 (0.45–0.61) | 0.60 (0.49–0.79) | 1.04 (0.86–1.61) | <0.001^ |
| Platelet, x109/L (median, IQR) | 71.0 (35.0–92.0) | 100.5 (79.0–127.5) | 112.0 (100.5–145.0) | <0.001^ |
| Creatinine, μmol/L (median, IQR) | 72.0 (64.25–79.75) | 78.5 (68.25–88.25) | 76.0 (60.00–90.00) | 0.395^ |
| Serum total protein, g/L (median, IQR) | 63.0 (60.25–70.25) | 70.0 (66.25–72.00) | 70.5 (69.00–74.75) | 0.016^ |
| Serum albumin, g/L (median, IQR) | 37.0 (31.75–39.25) | 40.0 (38.00–42.00) | 39.5 (38.25–40.00) | 0.017^ |
| Serum globulin, g/L (median, IQR) | 26.0 (25.75–31.00) | 30.0 (28.00–32.00) | 31.5 (30.00–32.75) | 0.038^ |
| Serum AST, IU/L (median, IQR) | 52 (36.00–81.75) | 48 (31.25–74.50) | 67 (32.00–101.00) | 0.744^ |
| Serum ALT, IU/L (median, IQR) | 34 (20.50–51.75) | 30 (20.25–50.50) | 65 (41.00–92.50) | 0.048^ |
| Serum PT, second (median, IQR) | 12.9 (12.15–13.33) | 12.9 (12.25–13.65) | 13.0 (12.35–13.80) | 0.755^ |
| Serum aPTT, second (median, IQR) | 36.05 (33.15–39.78) | 35.40 (33.03–37.83) | 31.30 (28.25–32.75) | <0.001^ |
Abbreviations: DHF, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF was defined by a history of fever, platelet count <= 100 × 109/L, hemorrhagic manifestations, and plasma leakage; plasma leakage was defined as hematocrit elevation by >=20% on serial daily monitoring or follow up, or signs such as pleural effusion, ascites, or hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia); DF, dengue fever; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; NS1, nonstructural protein 1; DENV-2, dengue serotype 2; NA, not available; IQR, interquartile range; IV, intravenous; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time.
Chi-squared test*, Wilcoxon rank sum test#, and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test^ were used for calculation of p values.