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. 2017 Apr 10;7:45982. doi: 10.1038/srep45982

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Evolution of psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance and waking EEG oscillations across prolonged wakefulness. (A,B) Vertical axes (y-axes) on the 3D plots represent attention lapses (lapse frequency) and response variability (standard deviation of response speed), as a function of time awake (x-axis) and time-on-task (z-axis). Warmer colors represent higher lapse frequency and increased response variability. (C,D) 2D plots illustrating increased lapse frequency and response variability by sleep deprivation and increased lapse frequency by time-on-task. (E–G) Effects of sleep deprivation on waking EEG theta activity, alpha activity, and theta/alpha ratio (TAR). The gray background shows the data included in the statistical analyses, categorized as day 1 (baseline) and day 2 (sleep deprivation). Stars indicate least significant difference (LSD) between day 1 and day 2 (p < 0.0001).