Figure 1.

Morusin induces autophagy. A. Morusin induces LC3-II accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Various cancer cells were treated with increasing amounts of morusin, and LC3-II and p62 levels were analyzed after 6 hr of treatment. B. Morusin induces accumulation of LC3 puncta. Various cancer cells were treated with either DMSO or morusin (30 uM), and endogenous LC3 puncta were detected by immunostaining using an anti-LC3 antibody. C. The number of LC3 puncta was counted in three different arbitrary areas, and is shown on the graph. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. D. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA inhibits LC3-II accumulation induced by morusin. HeLa cells were treated with either DMSO or morusin in combination with or without 3-MA, and levels of LC3 and p62 were detected by immunoblotting. E. Inhibition of morusin-induced LC3 puncta by 3-MA treatment. HeLa cells expressing GFP-LC3 were treated with either DMSO or morusin for the indicated times in the presence or absence of 3-MA. F. The number of LC3 puncta was counted in three different arbitrary areas, and is shown on the graph. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM.