Table 1.
Studies on the role of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on SLE-related lymphomagenesis.
| Ref. | Study design | Pt follow-up | Number of patients with lymphoma/hematological malignancies | Drugs studied | Comments | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [4] | Prospective observational | 68592 patient months | 3 | Azathioprine & cyclophosphamide | 3/914 patients had lymphoma. 1 was on AZT, 1 on CYP, and 1 on both. 348/911 were on AZT, 188/911 on CYP |
No association |
|
| ||||||
| [5] | Retrospective | 2020 | 11 | Azathioprine & CYP | 1 on CYP, 0 on AZT |
No association |
|
| ||||||
| [6] | Retrospective | 219 | 1 | Azathioprine & CYP | 0 on immunosuppressives | No association |
|
| ||||||
| [7] | Retrospective | 784 246 cancer cases and 538 controls without cancer |
46 | Azathioprine & CYP | Cyclophosphamide: 17.5% of 538 cancer free patients, 7.4% of 246 cancer patients; azathioprine: 34.9% of 538 cancer free patients, 25.0% of 246 cancer patients | No association Cyclophosphamide 2.09 (0.69–6.30) Azathioprine 1.19 (0.48–2.92) |
|
| ||||||
| [8] | Retrospective | 864 | 8 | Azathioprine & CYP | 11 of 28 cancer patients on CYP, 12 of 28 cancer patients on AZP | No association |
|
| ||||||
| [9] | Retrospective | 5036 | 75 | Azathioprine, CYP, MMF, and prednisone | 75 lymphoma cases, only 15 had prior exposure to CYP, 19 to AZA, 9 to methotrexate, and 6 to MMF |
No association Cyclophosphamide ever used 2.80 (0.87 to 8.98) Azathioprine (AZA) ever used fully adjusted 0.84 (0.32 to 2.25) |
|
| ||||||
| [10] | Retrospective | 6438 | 16 | Azathioprine, CYP | Cyclophosphamide: 2/16 in patients with NHL, 3/26 in patients without NHL Azathioprine: 5/16 in patients with NHL, 9/26 in patients without NHL |
No association CYP (RR 0.3–3.3) AZP RR 0.9 [0.4–2.1] |
|
| ||||||
| [11] | Prospective | 5976 patient years | 1 | CYP | 1/49 on CYP developed NHL | No association |
|
| ||||||
| [12] | Prospective | 17376 patient years | 3 | AZT, CYP | None on CYP or AZT | No association |