Table 2.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of participating children in the study.
| Factor | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 719 (50.5%) | 308 (21.6%) | 396 (27.9%) | ||
| Gender n (%) | ||||
| Male | 378 (52.6) | 144 (46.8) | 221 (55.8) | 0.107a |
| Female | 341 (47.4) | 164 (53.3) | 175 (44.2) | |
| Age (years) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (8–11) | 9 (8–11) | 0.066b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.4 (15.2–17.9) | 20.3 (18.8–21.7) | 24.1 (22–26.8) | <0.001b |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 57.6 (53.7–62.9) | 68.1 (62.8–73.9) | 78 (72.2–86.2) | <0.001b |
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | ||||
| No | 694 (96.5) | 191 (62) | 31 (7.8) | <0.001a |
| Yes | 35 (3.5) | 117 (38) | 365 (92.2) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 95 (90–100) | 100 (90–105) | 100.5 (95–110) | <0.001b |
| DBP (mmHg) | 65 (60–70) | 69 (60–70) | 70 (60–73) | <0.001b |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 81 (75–87) | 82 (77–88) | 83 (77–89) | 0.007b |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 152 (132–175) | 158 (137.5–177) | 157.5 (136–181.5) | 0.008b |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 54 (45–61) | 49.5 (41–57.5) | 43 (37–52) | <0.001b |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 96 (82–114) | 104.5 (88–120) | 105.5 (89.5–122) | <0.001b |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 70 (55–90) | 87.5 (66.5–119.5) | 103 (76–147.5) | <0.001b |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 14.5 (12.5–16.4) | 14.1 (12.3–16.5) | 13.6 (11.8–16.0) | 0.009b |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 10.2 (5.8–17.4) | 22.4 (14.8–29.5) | 30.9 (22.6–38.4) | <0.001b |
| Insulin (μU/ml) | 4.6 (2.6–7.4) | 7.4 (4.3–11) | 9.7 (4.8–16.2) | <0.001b |
| HOMA-IR, n (%) | ||||
| <percentile 90 | 703 (97.7) | 289 (93.8) | 284 (71.7) | <0.001a |
| ≥percentile 90 | 16 (2.3) | 19 (6.2) | 112 (28.3) | |
| Acanthosis, n (%) | ||||
| No | 642 (89.3) | 225 (73.1) | 148 (37.4) | <0.001a |
| Yes | 77 (10.7) | 83 (26.9) | 248 (62.6) | |
| T2D family history, n (%) | ||||
| No | 655 (91.1) | 268 (87) | 340 (85.9) | 0.017a |
| Yes | 64 (8.9) | 40 (13) | 56 (14.1) | |
| Obesity family history, n (%) | ||||
| No | 390 (54.2) | 139 (45.1) | 137 (34.6) | <0.001a |
| Yes | 329 (45.8) | 169 (54.9) | 259 (65.4) |
Data are reported as medians (25th–75th) or as noted in table. aChi-square test; bKruskall Wallis test. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; T2D: type 2 diabetes.