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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 10.
Published in final edited form as: J Neural Eng. 2016 Jan 20;13(2):021001. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/2/021001

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Levels of neural stimulation for clinical devices in humans as reported in published literature or manufacturer device labeling. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) data from Cyberonics (The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group 1995) assumes a GSA = 0.1 cm2, which was estimated from Terry et al (1990) and Bullara (1990) for a 2 mm inside diameter helix. SCS—spinal cord stimulation, CS—cortical surface stimulation, DBS—deep brain stimulation. DBS charge values are calculated from stimulation voltage levels using an impedance of 1100 Ω. The solid lines for the VNS Study Group and Medtronic DBS data reflect the wide range of possible stimulation intensities available with these treatments. Filled symbols are damaging stimulation levels from figure 1. Studies referenced (Shannon 1992, Haberler et al 2000, Burbaud et al 2002, Herzog et al 2003, Kinoshita et al 2004, Schrader et al 2006, Abejon and Feler 2007, Peyron et al 2007, Medtronic 2010).