Fig. 1.

Comparison of antioxidant effect and protective effects of raw ginseng, BG, and FBG against cisplatin-induced damage in LLC-PK1 cells. (A) Total phenolic contents. (B) DPPH radical scavenging activity. (C) Effects on cisplatin-induced damage in LLC-PK1 cells. The total phenolic contents and antioxidant effects of samples were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH radical scavenging assays. LLC-PK1 cells were pretreated with various concentrations (up to 500 μg/mL) of the ginsengs for 2 h, and then 25μM cisplatin was further treated for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. * p < 0.05 compared to raw ginseng value. BG, black ginseng; FBG, fermented black ginseng; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.