. 2016 Mar 10;41(2):113–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.003

Table 3.

List of studies showing antioxidant activity of red ginseng in animals (rodents)

Disease model	Inducer	Red ginseng type	Antioxidant biomarker	Ref
Aging	12-mo old	Red ginseng water extract	MDA ↓ SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST ↑ GSH, Vit C, Vit E ↑	37
Age-related male sexual dysfunction	12-mo old	Red ginseng water extract	MDA ↓ SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST ↑ GSH, Vit C, α-tocopherol ↑	38
Age-related renal injury	HFD, _D-galactose	Red ginseng	8-OHdG ↓ AGE ↓	39
Hepatic disease	CCl₄	Red ginseng essential oil	TBARS ↓ SOD, GPx, CAT ↑	25
Hepatic disease	Aflatoxin B₁	Red ginseng extract	SOD, CAT, GPx ↑ MDA ↓	40
Alcoholic liver disease	Ethanol	Red ginseng water extract	4-HNE ↓ Nitrotyrosine ↓	41
Diabetes	Streptozotocin	Fermented red ginseng extract	GSH ↑ MDA ↓ SOD, CAT, GPx, GR ↑	42
Diabetes	Cyclosporine	Red ginseng water extract	8-OHdG ↓	43
Gastric ulcer	Hydrochloride/Ethanol indomethacin	Red ginseng powered extract containing drug	TBARS ↓	44
High intensive exercise	Treadmill for 3 wks	HRG	MDA ↓ SOD ↑	45
Arthritis	Murine type II collagen	Red ginseng saponin extract	MDA ↓ Nitrotyrosine ↓ SOD, GSH, CAT ↑	46
Skin cancer	7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Croton oil	Red ginseng hydroalcoholic extract	GSH, SOD, CAT, Vit C ↑ TBARS ↓	47

4HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; AA, arachiodonic acid; AGE, advanced glycation end product; CAT, catalase; DCF, 2′,7′-dichlroflurescein; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, glutathione; HFD, high-fat diet; HRG, high pressure-treated red ginseng; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; MDA, malondialdehyde; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; PCB126, polychlorinated biphenyls; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances; TRX, thioredoxin reductase; Vit, vitamin.