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(A) Representative anatomical model showing the mechanical boundary conditions. The end of the aortic root (yellow) and the end of a soft material block attached to the apex of the LV (blue) are fixed in space (purple). Outflow from the ventricle is regulated by a three-element Windkessel model (shown as a representative circuit). (B) Personalized anatomical models and pressure–volume (PV) loops for four patients.
