Figure 1.

FMDV infection rapidly induces autophagy in PK-15 cells, and the autophagy is subsequently suppressed along with infection time course. (a) FMDV infection induces GFP-LC3 puncta. PK-15 cells were transfected with GFP-tagged LC3 expression plasmid, followed by FMDV infection. Cells were then subjected to indirect immunofluorescence at indicated time points, and the signals of PC3-GFP and FMDV proteins were observed under confocal microscope. Green signals represent GFP-LC3, red signals represent FMDV, and nucleus was stained with DAPI. (b) Autophagy is rapidly induced after FMDV infection and subsequently suppressed along the infection time course. Cells were infected with FMDV and harvested at the indicated time points, followed by Western blot analysis with the indicated antibodies