Table 5. Parenting style (assessed with the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire).
| Low risk mean (SD) | Increased risk mean (SD) | Difference | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental involvement | 39.6 (3.6) | 40.8 (3.7) | 1.2 | −0.2, 2.6 | 0.103 |
| Positive parenting techniquesa | 24.6 (1.1) | 25.1 (1.1) | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.06 | 0.433 |
| Poor parental monitoring/supervisiona | 13.4 (1.3) | 13.2 (1.2) | 0.98 | 0.89, 1.08 | 0.660 |
| Inconsistency in discipline | 12.9 (3.6) | 12.8 (2.6) | −0.1 | −1.4, 1.2 | 0.892 |
| Corporal punishmenta | 5.7 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.2) | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.08 | 0.971 |
| Total scorea | 96.7 (1.1) | 97.9 (1.1) | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.04 | 0.387 |
Results from linear mixed models adjusting for child age and sex.
a
Presented as geometric means and geometric standard deviations and analysed following a log-transformation so difference is ratio of geometric means rather than differences of arithmetic means.