P65 inhibitor Helenalin modulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation in vitro. (a) Fbs proliferation. (b) The apoptosis of Fbs by flow cytometry. The data are shown as the means±S.D. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA for five independent samples. NS, no significance compared with control. &P<0.01 compared with control, *P<0.01 compared with control, #P<0.01 compared with TGF-β1 group. (c) The RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of p65, Col I, Col III, COX-2 and α-SMA expression in Fbs. The data are shown as the means±S.D. Statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA for five independent samples. NS, no significance compared with TGF-β1 group. *P<0.05 compared with TGF-β1 group. (d) Western blot analysis of the protein levels of p-p65, p65, Col I, Col III, COX-2 and α-SMA expression in Fbs. (e) Tcs proliferation. (f) The apoptosis of Tcs by flow cytometry. The data are shown as the means±S.D. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA for five independent samples. NS, no significance compared with control. $P<0.01 compared with control, %P<0.01 compared with control group, ^P<0.01 compared with TGF-β1 group. (g) The RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of p65, Col I, Col III, COX-2 and α-SMA expression in Tcs. The data are shown as the means±S.D. Statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA for five independent samples. NS, no significance compared with TGF-β1 group. #P<0.05 compared with TGF-β1 group. (h) Western blot analysis of the levels of p-p65, p65, Col I, Col III, COX-2 and α-SMA expression in Tcs