Figure 5.

Concurrent activation of Nod1/Rip2 and suppression of TLR/MyD88 signalling induces stemness properties. (a) mRNA levels of components of major Pattern Recognition Receptor signalling pathways after one and three infections. (b) Effect of Nod1 ablation and ectopic MyD88 expression on Nod1, Rip2 and MyD88 mRNA levels. (c) Protein levels of pNF-κB, β-catenin and SC markers in Nod1 knockdown and MyD88 expressing cells. (d) Percentage of CD44^high cells in Nod1 knockdown and MyD88 expressing infected cells. (e) Nod1, Rip2 and MyD88 mRNA expression in SK3842 infected HepG2 and Shigella infected Caco-2 cells. (f) Protein levels of SC markers in HepG2/SK3842 and Caco-2/Shigella cells. (g) mRNA levels of Nod1 and MyD88 in differentiated Caco-2 and CD44^high cells from pre-infected culture, following SK3842 infection. (a–d)=Experiments done in Caco-2 cells. Fold change=Mean±S.D. (three experiments); **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 versus control, ^##P<0.01 and ^###P<0.001 versus only SK3842-infected cells