Table S1.

Treatment recommendations

Type of pain	First-line therapy	Second-line therapy
Diabetic neuropathy	Gabapentin, pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine) [A]	Opioids (oxycodone, tramadol) [A]
Postherpetic neuralgia	Gabapentin, pregabalin, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, topical capsaicin, topical lidocaine [A]	Tramadol, oxycodone [A]
Fibromyalgia	Amitriptyline, pregabalin [A]	Duloxetine [B]
Trigeminal neuralgia	Carbamazepine [A]	Baclofen, lamotrigine, gamma-knife surgery [B]
Low-back pain	NSAIDs (ibuprofen, diclofenac) [A], opioids (tramadol, codeine) [B]	Strong opioids (morphine, fentanyl) [A], antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline) [A], anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin) [C]
Neck pain	Physiotherapy, exercise, acetaminophen, NSAIDs [A]	Opioids, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, acupuncture, single-point injections [B, C]
Migraine headache	Sumatriptan, zolmitriptan [A], NSAIDs (ibuprofen) [A], antiemetics (prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine) [A]	Ergotamine, dihydroergotamine [B], opioids (morphine, tramadol) [B]
Tension-type or cluster headache	Acetaminophen, NSAIDs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, naproxen) [A]	Acetaminophen–caffeine [A], NSAID–caffeine combination [A], relaxation and acupuncture [C]
Arthritic pain	Acetaminophen [A], NSAIDs [A], weak opioids (tramadol, codeine) [A]	Strong opioids (morphine, oxycodone) [B], antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline) [C]
Cancer pain	Weak opioids (codeine, tramadol) with/without NSAIDs [A]	Strong opioids (morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl) [A]

Note: Recommendations were graded by an expert panel based on available evidence. Grade A: based on evidence Level 1. Grade B: based on evidence Level 2 or extrapolated from Level 1. Grade C: based on evidence Level 3 or extrapolated from Level 1 and 2.

Abbreviation: NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.