Table 2.

Summary of studies conducted on alpine ski racers evaluating risk factors for ACL injury, injury prevention interventions, and the resulting effects on ACL incidence

Study design	Study population	ACL injury risk factor	Injury prevention strategy	Effect on ACL injuries
10-year retrospective analysis to evaluate relationship between fitness testing and ACL injuries (testing conducted 3×/yr).27	Total number of skiers: n=370; F: n=175; M: n=195 ACL injuries: n=57; F: n=39; M: n=18	Trunk flexor:extensor strength ratio imbalance Females at increased risk for injury	No studies found	NA
Retrospectively conducted interviews with skiers training at a development alpine ski racing program over a 6-year period (response rate =70%).29	Total number of skiers interviewed: n=418; F: n=231; M: n=187 ACL injuries: n=65	Parents who suffered ACL injury (odds ratio of ACL injury if parents suffered ACL injury =1.95)	No studies found	NA
Qualitative study with expert stakeholders to identify injury risk factors (not specific to ACL injuries).66	Total number of expert stakeholders interviewed: n=61	Top-4 perceived injury risk factors (not specific to ACL injuries): 1) System ski, plate, binding, boot; 2) Changing snow conditions; 3) Speed and course settings; and 4) Physical aspects of skiers	Equipment modification to compare injury rates in preequipment change period (2006–2012) to post-equipment change period (2012–2015); ski modification includes increased sidecut radius and ski length for all disciplines (except slalom)75	While overall injuries decreased, no effect found on ACL injuries75

Abbreviations: M, Male; F, Female; ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; NA, not applicable.