| Twist1 promotes the expression of ABC transporters(e.g. MDR1) |
Induction of MDR |
Breast cancer [102, 105] |
| Induction of resistance to anthracycline drugs |
Bladder cancer[103, 104] |
| Induction of oxaliplatin resistance |
Colorectal cancer [37] |
| Activation of PI3K/AKT pathways |
Induction of vincristine and paclitaxel resistance |
Nasopharyngeal cancer; bladder cancer; prostate cancer; ovarian cancer[107, 108] |
| Twist1 induces AKT2 expression |
Induction of paclitaxel resistance |
Breast cancer [109] |
| Twist1 down-regulates Bcl2 |
Reversion of NF-κB induced chemo-resistance |
Prostate cancer [110] |
| Twist1 increases YB-1 expression |
Induction ofcsplatin and doxorubicin resistance |
Bladder cancer[112] |
| Twist1 activates Jagged1/KLF4 pathway |
Induction of cisplatin and cetuximab resistance |
Head and neck cancer [101] |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinases |
Down-regulation of Twist1 activates ERK pathway |
Reversion of radio-resistance |
Nasopharyngeal cancer [113] |
| Twist1 increases p38 MAPK activity |
Induction of cisplatin resistance |
Pancreatic cancer [114] |
| Twist1 silencing activates JNK pathway |
Reversion of cisplatin resistance |
Lung cancer [115] |
| Twist1 depletion inhibits mTOR and reduces Mcl1 expression |
Reversion of cisplatin resistance |
Lung cancer[116] |
| micro-RNAs |
miR-186 reduces Twist1 expression |
Reversion of cisplatin resistance |
Ovarian cancer [117] |
| Inhibition of miR-106a up-regulates Twist1 expression |
Induction of gemcitabine resistance |
Hepatocellular carcinoma[118] |
| miR-181a suppresses Twist1 expression |
Reversion of cisplatin resistance |
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma [119] |
| miR-23a increases Twist1 expression |
Induction of cisplatin resistance |
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma cancer[120] |
| Twist1 inhibits PI3K/AKT and down-regulates ET1/ETAR signaling |
Reversion of cisplatin resistance |
Osteosarcoma [121] |
| miR-33a reduces Twist1 expression |
Induction of cisplatin resistance |
Osteosarcoma[122] |
