Table 12.

Spirits frequency and intensity demand equation estimates, females

	All drinkers		Binge drinkers
	Frequency	Intensity	Frequency	Intensity
Linear time trend	−0.06*	−0.03	−0.18*	−0.03
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.10)	(0.03)
Alcohol duty change 08	−0.01	−0.02	−0.12	−0.08
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.22)	(0.06)
INCOME1 (reference)
INCOME2	0.08	0.07	0.64	0.13
	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.44)	(0.12)
INCOME3	0.23	0.17	0.94	0.22
	(0.14)	(0.12)	(0.64)	(0.18)
INCOME4	0.34	0.21	1.46	0.31
	(0.22)	(0.19)	(0.95)	(0.26)
INCOME5	0.52	0.29	2.12	0.43
	(0.32)	(0.28)	(1.33)	(0.37)
INCOME6	0.60*	0.25	2.22	0.33
	(0.32)	(0.28)	(1.35)	(0.38)
COMPULSORY SCHOOL (reference)
COLLEGE	0.08	−0.12*	0.44	−0.21**
	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.33)	(0.09)
UNIVERSITY	−0.02	−0.61***	−4.38	−1.42*
	(0.10)	(0.09)	(2.75)	(0.77)
LNAGE	0.10***	0.00	−0.80	−0.16
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.60)	(0.17)
EMP (reference)
INACTIVE	0.16**	0.18***	0.45	0.19**
	(0.07)	(0.05)	(0.35)	(0.09)
UNEMP	0.43*	0.18	0.75	0.07
	(0.24)	(0.21)	(0.50)	(0.14)
STUDENT	0.06	−0.03	−0.72*	−0.26**
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.43)	(0.12)
COHABIT	−0.36	−0.25	−1.28*	−0.31
	(0.24)	(0.21)	(0.74)	(0.21)
IMR	1.37	0.88	5.54	1.21
	(1.02)	(0.89)	(3.38)	−0.95
CONSTANT	−0.83	2.20***	7.60*	4.52***
	(0.81)	(0.70)	(4.36)	(1.22)
Participation observations	67,601	67,601	67,601	67,601
Freq/intens observations	17,738	17,738	6061	6061
Proportion drink/binge	26 %	26 %	9 %	9 %

Results are conditional on spirit drinking participation. Reference categories are income <10,000 sek, compulsory schooling, employed, and living alone. Alcohol duty change is a dummy set to one after January 1, 2008, when there was a change in beer and wine excise duties. Month dummies to capture resampling effects and seasonality and regional dummies are included in all models (reference categories: Stockholm and January). Testing the null of no effect: *** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1