Table 14.
Alcohol log–log demand equation estimates conditional on participation, males
| Variables | Pure alcohol consumed by all drinkers | Pure alcohol consumed by binge drinkers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beer | Wine | Spirits | Beer | Wine | Spirits | |
| Alcohol duty change 08 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.37** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.17) | |
| Linear time trend | −0.01* | −0.03*** | −0.04** | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.14*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.05) | |
| INCOME1 (reference) | ||||||
| INCOME2 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.30** | 0.55* |
| (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.09) | (0.07) | (0.13) | (0.30) | |
| INCOME3 | 0.20** | 0.32*** | 0.07 | 0.14 | −0.54** | 1.12** |
| (0.10) | (0.07) | (0.16) | (0.10) | (0.23) | (0.46) | |
| INCOME4 | 0.36** | 0.56*** | 0.17 | 0.23 | −0.84** | 1.86*** |
| (0.14) | (0.10) | (0.24) | (0.16) | (0.38) | (0.70) | |
| INCOME5 | 0.39** | 0.86*** | 0.24 | 0.20 | −0.95* | 2.41*** |
| (0.16) | (0.13) | (0.31) | (0.19) | (0.49) | (0.89) | |
| INCOME6 | 0.32* | 1.11*** | 0.26 | 0.10 | −0.79 | 2.47*** |
| (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.33) | (0.19) | (0.51) | (0.91) | |
| COMPULSORY SCHOOL (reference) | ||||||
| COLLEGE | 0.06 | 0.37*** | −0.10** | 0.04 | −0.23 | 0.36 |
| (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.19) | (0.23) | |
| UNIVERSITY | −0.16*** | 0.65*** | −0.29*** | −0.17*** | −0.06 | −0.28** |
| (0.02) | (0.08) | (0.05) | (0.02) | (0.20) | (0.11) | |
| LNAGE | −0.98*** | 0.91*** | −0.17*** | −0.79*** | 1.48*** | −3.28*** |
| (0.10) | (0.07) | (0.05) | (0.29) | (0.27) | (1.17) | |
| EMP (reference) | ||||||
| INACTIVE | −0.29*** | 0.00 | 0.19*** | −0.25* | 0.62** | −0.84* |
| (0.06) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.15) | (0.25) | (0.46) | |
| UNEMP | 0.13*** | 0.16*** | 0.22*** | 0.12** | −0.02 | 0.23 |
| (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.09) | (0.23) | |
| STUDENT | −0.12*** | 0.38*** | 0.07 | −0.11** | −0.09 | −0.26 |
| (0.04) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.05) | (0.11) | (0.22) | |
| COHABIT | −0.22*** | 0.21*** | −0.16*** | −0.22*** | 0.10*** | −0.57*** |
| (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.16) | |
| CONSTANT | 6.11*** | −2.40*** | 2.82*** | 5.83*** | −0.01 | 8.05*** |
| (0.11) | (0.49) | (0.48) | (0.58) | (0.41) | (1.93) | |
| IMR | 0.39 | 0.98*** | 0.32 | 0.27 | −1.94** | 5.70*** |
| (0.32) | (0.21) | (0.69) | (0.42) | (0.90) | (1.98) | |
| Participation observations | 59,251 | 59,251 | 59,251 | 59,251 | 59,251 | 59,251 |
| Quantity observations | 35,650 | 31,925 | 31,244 | 19,297 | 14,414 | 16,641 |
| Proportion drink/binge | 60 % | 54 % | 53 % | 33 % | 24 % | 28 % |
Results are conditional on beer/wine/spirit drinking participation. Reference categories are income <10,000 sek, compulsory schooling, employed, and living alone. Alcohol duty change is a dummy set to one after January 1, 2008, when there was a change in beer and wine excise duties. Month dummies to capture resampling effects and seasonality and regional dummies are included in all models (reference categories: Stockholm and January). Testing the null of no effect: *** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1