Table 4.

Spirits frequency and intensity demand equation estimates, males

	All drinkers		Binge drinkers
	Frequency	Intensity	Frequency	Intensity
Linear time trend	−0.01	−0.02**	−0.07***	−0.07***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.03)	(0.02)
Alcohol duty change 08	−0.06**	0.01	−0.25***	−0.12
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.09)	(0.08)
INCOME1 (reference)
INCOME2	−0.06	−0.00	0.29*	0.27**
	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.16)	(0.13)
INCOME3	−0.00	0.07	0.64**	0.47**
	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.25)	(0.21)
INCOME4	0.06	0.12	1.08***	0.77**
	(0.17)	(0.15)	(0.39)	(0.32)
INCOME5	0.12	0.12	1.45***	0.96**
	(0.22)	(0.19)	(0.49)	(0.40)
INCOME6	0.18	0.09	1.55***	0.92**
	(0.24)	(0.20)	(0.50)	(0.41)
COMPULSORY SCHOOL (reference)
COLLEGE	−0.00	−0.28***	0.05	−0.33***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.05)
UNIVERSITY	0.26***	−0.43***	−1.53**	−1.75***
	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.64)	(0.53)
LNAGE	0.18***	0.01	−0.41	−0.42**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.25)	(0.21)
EMP (reference)
INACTIVE	0.10**	0.13***	0.11	0.11
	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.12)	(0.10)
UNEMP	0.11**	−0.04	−0.04	−0.22**
	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.12)	(0.10)
STUDENT	−0.05*	−0.12***	−0.26***	−0.31***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.09)	(0.07)
COHABIT	−0.05	−0.07	−0.65***	−0.44**
	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.21)	(0.17)
IMR	−0.05	0.38	3.14***	2.57***
	(0.50)	(0.43)	(1.09)	−0.89
CONSTANT	0.07	2.76***	2.93***	5.12***
	(0.35)	(0.30)	(1.06)	(0.87)
Participation observations	59,251	59,251	59,251	59,251
Freq/intens observations	31,243	31,243	16,641	16,641
Proportion drink/binge	53 %	53 %	28 %	28 %

Results are conditional on spirit drinking participation. Reference categories are income <10,000 sek, compulsory schooling, employed, and living alone. Alcohol duty change is a dummy set to one after January 1, 2008, when there was a change in beer and wine excise duties. Month dummies to capture resampling effects and seasonality and regional dummies are included in all models (reference categories: Stockholm and January). Testing the null of no effect: *** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1