Table 1.

Baseline characteristics, biochemical parameters and dietary intakes of study participants based on the patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and control group

	Cases (n = 169)	Controls (n = 782)	P valuea
Age (yr), mean ± SD	42.65 ± 12.21	43.71 ± 14.52	0.373
Male n (%)	81 (47.9)	314 (40.2)	0.063
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	33.19 ± 8.71	27.74 ± 4.495	< 0.001
Physical activity (MET), mean ± SD	31.89 ± 3.15	34.33 ± 2.85	< 0.001
Current smokers, n (%)	151 (89.9)	145 (18.5)	< 0.001
Drank alcohol in past year, n (%)	22 (13.1)	68 (8.7)	0.077
Diabetes type 2, n (%)	26 (15.6)	53 (6.8)	< 0.001
FBS (mg/dL), mean ± SD	109.29 ± 39.39	90.09 ± 29.24	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD	184.79 ± 54.94	177.72 ± 38.74	0.221
LDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD	121.17 ± 43.04	104.26 ± 31.65	< 0.001
HDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD	41.26 ± 16.72	47.72 ± 10.51	0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean ± SD	180.40 ± 123.81	131.97 ± 81.59	< 0.001
Total energy (kcal), mean ± SEM	2627.67 ± 61.39	2746.69 ± 27.23	0.068
Carbohydrate (% of total energy), mean ± SEM	58.12 ± 0.95	59.82 ± 0.44	0.001
Protein (% of total energy), mean ± SEM	15.84 ± 0.18	14.07 ± 0.08	< 0.001
Fat (% of total energy), mean ± SEM	29.23 ± 0.30	33.78 ± 0.20	< 0.001
Dietary cholesterol (mg/d), mean ± SEM	315.31 ± 11.50	263.41 ± 5.35	< 0.001
Saturated fat (g/d), mean ± SEM	30.62 ± 5.72	62.67 ± 2.67	< 0.001
Monounsaturated fat (g/d) (mg/d), mean ± SEM	29.85 ± 0.48	32.00 ± 0.23	< 0.001
Polyunsaturated fat (g/d) (mg/d), mean ± SEM	18.51 ± 5.74	59.58 ± 2.67	< 0.001
Dietary fiber (g/d), mean ± SEM	19.21 ± 0.50	14.68 ± 0.23	< 0.001
Red/processed meats (g/d), mean ± SEM	70.95 ± 2.66	36.00 ± 1.24	< 0.001

^aIndependent t-test for quantitative variables and χ² test for qualitative variables. Dietary intakes (except total energy) were adjusted for age and total energy intake. BMI: Body mass index; MET: Metabolic equivalent task; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: High density lipoprotein cholesterol.