Glucose and insulin tolerance tests of RS1−/− mice. (a) The glucose tolerance test was performed with 5-month-old RS1+/+ and RS1−/− mice (n = 10 for each group, identical proportions of males and females). d-Glucose (2.5 mg per g of body weight), dissolved as a 1.1 M solution, was applied into the esophagus within 1 min, and changes in serum d-glucose concentrations were measured. (b) The insulin tolerance test was performed with 3-month-old mice (n = 6 for each group, male). One unit of insulin per gram of body weight was applied by intraperitoneal injection, and serum d-glucose concentrations were measured.