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. 2017 Apr 11;7:46307. doi: 10.1038/srep46307

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(A) The amount of O₂·⁻ in SR and PmAF. (B) The amount of malondialdehyde in SR and PmAF. The production of O₂·⁻and MDA from LA and RA increased significantly in PmAF group compared with that in SR group. (C) The amount of O₂·⁻ positively correlated with the protein expression of Sesn1, Sesn2, and Sesn3. (D) A similar relationship was observed between MDA and Sesn1, Sesn2, and Sesn3. SR group n = 23, PmAF group n = 19, **P < 0.01 compared with the SR group. SR = Sinus rhythm; PmAF = Permanent AF; LA = left atrium, RA = right atrium.