Table 2.
Association between clinical variables and anxiety levels in non-treatment-seeking gamblers (n = 143)
| Clinical variables | Spearman’s correlation coefficient or mean HAM-A (SD) | p valuea | Adjusted correlation coefficientb or effect size | Adjusted p valueb |
| Age started gambling regularly | −.170 | .043 | −.135 | .146 |
| Money lost with gambling (last year) | .222 | .008 | .122 | .186 |
| Average gambling frequency (times per week) | .110 | .192 | .048 | .604 |
| Number of DSM-5 gambling disorder criteria | .374 | <.001 | .363 | <.001 |
| PG-YBOCS total score | .345 | <.001 | .213 | .019 |
| PG-YBOCS urges subscale | .341 | <.001 | .183 | .046 |
| PG-YBOCS gambling behavior subscale | .307 | <.001 | .229 | .012 |
| Barratt Impulsiveness Scale | ||||
| Attentional | .328 | <.001 | .290 | .001 |
| Motor | .250 | .003 | .198 | .032 |
| Lack of planning | .236 | .005 | .088 | .344 |
| Legal problems due to gambling (yes/no) | 2.5 (±2.1)/6.2 (±6.4) | .437 | −.036 | .439 |
| Suicidality in the past month (yes/no) | 10.1 (±7.2)/4.5 (±5.2) | <.001 | .040 | <.001 |
| Quality of life (quality of life inventory) | −.343 | <.001 | −.292 | .001 |
Note. HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; SD, standard deviation; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition; PG-YBOCS, gambling adaptation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.
a
Significance was defined as p ≤ .004 (.05/13 = .004) for clinical variables.
b
Adjusted for current major-depressive, alcohol-use disorder, substance-use disorder, and nicotine use.