Figure 1.

Spatial memory impairment in d-galactose-induced aging mice. d-gal mice were given daily 150 mg/kg d-galactose by subcutaneous injection with or without daily oral coadministration of different combinatorial herbal formulas (120 mg/kg) for eight weeks prior to the Y-maze test. Decreased percentile entry into novel arm (a) or time spent in novel arm (b) compared with vehicle-treated group (Veh) represented spatial memory impairment. Data are expressed in mean ± SD. ^###(p < 0.001) indicates significant difference between d-gal group and Veh group, whereas ^∗(p < 0.05) or ^∗∗(p < 0.01) indicates significant difference between herbal group and d-gal group, based on one-way ANOVA test followed by Newman-Keuls test.