Figure 2.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in brains of d-galactose-induced aging mice. Different groups of mice were treated as described in Figure 1. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by measurement of the brain levels of TNF-α (a) and IL-6 (b), and antioxidant effect was evaluated by measurement of the brain level of MDA (c). Data are expressed in mean ± SD. ^##(p < 0.01) or ^###(p < 0.001) indicates significant difference between d-gal group and Veh group, whereas ^∗(p < 0.05) or ^∗∗(p < 0.01) indicates significant difference between herbal group and d-gal group, based on one-way ANOVA test followed by Newman-Keuls test.