Demographics
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| Demographics Form (Project Developed) |
We will collect information such as gender, ethnicity, and education. For participants under the age of 18, this information will be collected from the parent. This measure takes about 5 min to complete. |
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| Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status (Barratt, 2006) |
This measure is built on the work of Hollingshead (1957, 1975) who devised a simple measure of Social Status based on marital status, retired/employed status (retired individuals used their last occupation) educational attainment, and occupational prestige. This is a measure of social status, which is a proxy for socio-economic status. This is not a measure of social class, which is best seen as a cultural identity. This interview takes 1 min to complete. |
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| Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Socioeconomic Status (Hollingshead, 1975 |
The Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Socioeconomic Status is a survey designed to measure social status of an individual based on four domains: marital status, retired/employed status, educational attainment, and occupational prestige. This interview takes about 5 min to complete. |
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Cognitive Assessments
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| Digit Span, from Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (Kaufman, 1975) |
The WISC-R is a measure of cognitive function in children and adolescents. Participants will complete the Digit Span subtest, which measures simple attention, short-term memory, and working memory. In the Digit Span Forward task, the examiner read successively longer sequences of numbers and the participant was asked to recall the numbers in the same order (a measure of short term memory). In the Digit Span Backward task, the examiner read successively longer sequences of numbers and the participant was asked to recall the numbers in reverse order (a measure of working memory). All participants completed this measure, regardless of age. |
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| Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2nd edition—WASI-II (Wechsler, 1999) |
The WASI provides a full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ), and performance IQ (PIQ) for ages 6–89 years. The Vocabulary, Similarities, Block Design, and Matrix Reasoning subtests will be used to estimate Full Scale IQ. This scale takes about 30 min to complete and was administered to all participants who were not patients of the Child Mind Medical Practice (CMMP) or those who did not complete a neuropsychological evaluation at the CMMP within the year before their first research visit. |
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| Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 2nd edition, Abbreviated—WIAT-IIA (Wechsler, 2002) |
The WIAT assesses achievement of individuals ages 6–85. This brief assessment includes basic reading, math calculation and spelling. This scale takes about 45 min to complete and will be administered to all participants that have not been seen previously as patients at the Child Mind Medical Practice, or who were seen over a year ago. |
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| Self-Worth Implicit Association Test—IAT (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) |
The Implicit Association Test assesses self-esteem by measuring an individual’s automatic associations between the self and words of positive valence. Participants were seated at a computer in a room separate from the EEG laboratory for a ‘categorization game’ in which single words or phrases were presented successively on the computer screen (Meade, 2009). Participants were instructed to press either the E or I keys on the keyboard to categorize the words into one group of a given group pair. There was one block dedicated to each group pair. The five blocks were presented in the same order for all participants. In block 1 of the task, the group pair was Self versus Other; in block 2, Positive versus Negative; in block 3, Self/Positive versus Other/Negative; in block 4, Other versus Self; in block 5, Self/Negative versus Other/Positive. To customize stimulus presentation for all participants, self-related words (name, address, date of birth, and sex) were collected following the informed consent process and were entered into the computer program prior to the IAT session. To ensure that participants were familiar with all of the negative and positive valence words, they were asked to read lists of these words out loud to a research assistant; any words that they did not know the meaning of were excluded from the stimulus presentation. The final IAT score was computed from the difference between the average corrected response times for the self or negative versus other or positive block and the self or positive versus other or negative block. A positive score indicates a weaker association between the self and negative words, and therefore indicates higher implicit self-esteem. The IAT took about 5 min to complete, and all participants completed this measure, regardless of age. |
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Self-Report Questionnaires
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| Children’s Test Anxiety Scale—CTAS (Wren & Benson, 2004) |
The CTAS is a 30-item scale designed to measure the effects of test anxiety. The measure takes about 5–10 min to complete. All participants completed this measure, regardless of age. |
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| Kid-KINDL and Kiddo-KINDL (Ravens-Sieberer & Bullinger, 1998) |
The KINDL questionnaires are generic instruments for assessing Health-Related Quality of Life in children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 17. The questionnaire takes about 5–10 min to complete, and each version of the questionnaire can be completed both by children and adolescents, and also by their parents. For the present study, children and parents of children between the ages of 7 and 17 completed the Kid-KINDL (ages 7–13), Kiddo-KINDL (ages 14–17), and Kid- & Kiddo-KINDL Parents’ Questionnaire KINDL (parents of all children ages 7–17). Participants 18 years of age and older completed the Kiddo-KINDL. The KINDL produces six subscales: physical well-being; emotional well-being; self-esteem; family; friends; and everyday functioning. |
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| Child Behavior Checklist—CBCL (Achenbach, 1991) |
The CBCL is a device by which parents or other individuals who know the child well rate a child's problem behaviors and competencies. The CBCL can also be used to measure a child's change in behavior over time or following a treatment. It consists of 118 items related to behavior problems, which are scored on a 3-point scale ranging from not true to often true of the child. The items are grouped into 8 different behavioral subscales (e.g., Anxious/Depressed), producing a score for each behavioral subscale. Some behavioral subscales are further summed to provide scores for Internalizing (from the Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, and Anxious/Depressed scales) and Externalizing (from the Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior) problem subscales. A Total Problems score is also derived from all items, except for a few items. This assessment takes approximately 20 min to complete, and it was administered to the parents of all child participants, ages 6–17. |
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| Adult Self Report—ASR (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003) |
Analogous to the CBCL, the ASR is a self-administered instrument that examines diverse aspects of adaptive functioning and problems in adults. This scale takes approximately 10 min to complete, and it was administered to all participants age 18 and older. |
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| Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales—CAARS (Erhardt et al., 1999) |
The CAARS is a measure designed to assess the presence and severity of adult ADHD symptoms. This scale takes approximately 10–15 min to complete. |
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| History and Demographics Questionnaire—Adult Self/Parent Report (Project Developed) |
The History and Demographics Questionnaire is an internally developed questionnaire that asks the participant a series of questions regarding their medical history, school history, and developmental history, as well as family demographics. This measure takes about 10 min to complete. Parents of all participants under the age of 18 completed this questionnaire. Participants age 18 and above completed an adapted version of this questionnaire about themselves. |
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| Parent’s KINDL, Kid-KINDL and Kiddo-KINDL (Ravens-Sieberer & Bullinger, 1998) |
The KINDL questionnaires are generic instruments for assessing Health-Related Quality of Life in children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 17. The questionnaire takes about 5–10 min to complete, and each version of the questionnaire can be completed both by children and adolescents, and also by their parents. For the present study, children and parents of children between the ages of 7 and 17 completed the Kid-KINDL (ages 7–13), Kiddo-KINDL (ages 14–17), and Kid- & Kiddo-KINDL Parents’ Questionnaire KINDL (parents of all children ages 7–17). Participants 18 years of age and older completed the Kiddo-KINDL. The KINDL produces six subscales: physical well-being; emotional well-being; self-esteem; family; friends; and everyday functioning. |
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| The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and normal behavior scale—SWAN (Swanson et al., 2001) |
Items of the SWAN are scored on a seven-point scale, from −3 to 3, with average behaviors in the middle and the extremes on either end. Questions are framed as positive behaviors, and parents are asked to rate how their children perform on those behaviors. Traditional assessment scales, which focus on negative symptoms, are prone to extreme skewness in a normal population, as most people do not have symptoms. By assessing positive behaviors, the SWAN yields more normally distributed data and captures the full range of ADHD-related behaviors in a normal population. This assessment takes approximately 10 min to complete, and was filled out by parents of all child participants, ages 6–17. |
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