Shown are changes in fMRI activation and gray matter volume before and after intervention in stroke patients receiving motor rehabilitation plus anodal tDCS or sham treatment (post>pre, anodal>sham, voxel-wise General Linear Model, p<0.05 corrected). Images are in radiological convention (R – right), and all lesions appear on the left, the target for tDCS (yellow flash). The X or Y coordinates for each brain slice are given below the slice. (A) Brain regions showing increases in fMRI activity during affected hand movement from baseline to immediately post-intervention for the anodal tDCS group versus the sham treatment group. (B) Regions showing greater increases in movement-related fMRI activity for anodal tDCS versus sham group from baseline to one month follow-up. See table S1 for the location and Z statistic of peak voxels from fMRI analysis. (C) Brain regions showing increases in gray matter density as assessed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM), from baseline to immediately post-intervention for the anodal tDCS group versus the sham treatment group.