Table 1. Community-based HIV HTC interventions to increase male testing and engagement in care.

Intervention	Description	Results
Active partner notification services (APSs)	Exposure notification and HTC for sexual partners of newly diagnosed HIV-positive persons (index cases)	Three APS trials in SSA found high testing uptake, HIV positivity, and CD4 count in male partners. In Cameroon, APS was scaled up by an NGO, and 66% of reported partners were tested, of which 50% tested HIV positive (similar results for men and women) [29]. An RCT in Malawi reached 51% of reported partners using provider and contract referral (64% HIV positivity, median CD4 count 344 cells/uL) [30]. An APS community RCT in Kenya achieved 67% coverage in the intervention arm compared to 13% facility testing in the control arm [31].
Mobile HIV testing and counseling	HTC provided in mobile vans or containers located in central areas of a community	A community RCT conducted in SSA (Project Accept) showed a 45% increase in male HIV testing in intervention compared to control communities. The intervention decreased the baseline testing coverage gap between men and women. Social norms regarding HIV testing also moderately improved (6% higher in intervention communities), with a larger effect found in men compared to women (8% versus 4%) [32].
Home HIV testing and counseling	Door-to-door HTC offered in a catchment area	An RCT of home HTC in South Africa tested 38% of men in the target population (although coverage was higher in women: 57%) [33]. The intervention provided clinic referral to immediate and universal ART. Overall, 48% of HIV-positive men linked to care within 6 months, and 63% within 12 months (similar results for women).
Multidisease campaigns	Short health campaigns (usually mobile) providing HTC integrated with health promotion/screening for other diseases	The SEARCH community RCT achieved 86% testing coverage in men, with a high percentage of first-time testers (43%) and high CD4 count at testing (514 cells/uL). The SEARCH intervention also provided immediate and universal linkage to ART, which achieved 80% viral suppression in men in 2 years [34].

NGO, nongovernmental organization; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SEARCH, Sustainable East Africa Research on Community Health.