Table 3. Number of events and adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for diabetic complications according to five categories of fresh fruit consumption.
| Outcome | Frequency of fresh fruit consumption | ptrend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never/rarely | Monthly | 1–3 d/wk | 4–6 d/wk | Daily | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Number of events | 643 | 1,090 | 923 | 201 | 532 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.002 |
| 95% CI | 0.92–1.09 | 0.84–0.96 | 0.85–0.97 | 0.73–0.96 | 0.72–0.87 | |
| Diabetes mortality | ||||||
| Number of events | 150 | 181 | 128 | 17 | 36 | |
| HR | 1.0 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.008 |
| 95% CI | 0.84–1.19 | 0.63–0.87 | 0.66–0.95 | 0.32–0.83 | 0.40–0.81 | |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||
| Number of events | 265 | 491 | 382 | 82 | 239 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.006 |
| 95% CI | 0.88–1.14 | 0.93–1.13 | 0.87–1.07 | 0.69–1.08 | 0.70–0.93 | |
| Total macrovasuclar complications | ||||||
| Number of events | 1,383 | 2,842 | 2,684 | 717 | 2,120 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.86 | <0.001 |
| 95% CI | 0.95–1.06 | 0.91–0.99 | 0.90–0.98 | 0.84–0.98 | 0.82–0.90 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | ||||||
| Number of events | 473 | 737 | 844 | 222 | 873 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.19 |
| 95% CI | 0.91–1.10 | 0.82–0.96 | 0.86–0.98 | 0.81–1.05 | 0.82–0.95 | |
| Stroke | ||||||
| Number of events | 530 | 947 | 919 | 271 | 715 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 0.004 |
| 95% CI | 0.91–1.10 | 0.90–1.04 | 0.90–1.03 | 0.90–1.15 | 0.77–0.91 | |
| Other macrovascular events | ||||||
| Number of events | 380 | 1,158 | 921 | 224 | 532 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 0.17 |
| 95% CI | 0.90–1.11 | 0.93–1.06 | 0.90–1.02 | 0.75–0.97 | 0.85–1.04 | |
| Total microvascular complications | ||||||
| Number of events | 234 | 424 | 358 | 78 | 251 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.72 | <0.001 |
| 95% CI | 0.87–1.15 | 0.84–1.04 | 0.74–0.91 | 0.55–0.87 | 0.63–0.83 | |
| Nephropathy | ||||||
| Number of events | 89 | 133 | 111 | 17 | 78 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.49 | 0.69 | 0.02 |
| 95% CI | 0.80–1.25 | 0.74–1.08 | 0.64–0.93 | 0.30–0.79 | 0.53–0.88 | |
| Retinopathy | ||||||
| Number of events | 83 | 166 | 114 | 23 | 90 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.76 | 0.01 |
| 95% CI | 0.79–1.26 | 0.95–1.33 | 0.69–1.00 | 0.44–1.02 | 0.60–0.96 | |
| Neuropathy | ||||||
| Number of events | 83 | 167 | 155 | 41 | 105 | |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.05 |
| 95% CI | 0.73–1.03 | 0.70–0.96 | 0.70–0.96 | 0.56–1.05 | 0.57–0.88 | |
Analyses were stratified by age at risk, sex, and region and adjusted for education, income, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, survey season, body mass index, family history of diabetes, baseline status of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, anti-diabetic treatment, and intakes of dairy products, meat and preserved vegetables. HR, hazard ratio.