Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women in western Kenya and correlates of LTBI (either TST+ or QFT+) in pregnancy
| All participants | LTBI (TST+ or QFT+)a |
No LTBI (TST− and QFT−) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlate | N= 100 | N=36 | N=60 | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
| n(%), or median (IQR) |
n(%), or median (IQR) |
n(%), or median (IQR) |
|||||||
|
Sociodemographic characteristics |
|||||||||
| Age (years) | 26 | 22–32 | 30 | 25–34 | 24 | 21–31 | 1.08 | 1.01–1.17 | 0.02 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 27 | 20–32 | 24 | 20–28 | 28 | 20–32 | 0.96 | 0.90–1.02 | 0.19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23 | 21–25 | 23 | 21–26 | 23 | 21–25 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.19 | 0.40 |
| Education (years) | 8 | 7–10 | 8 | 7–8 | 8 | 7–12 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.15 | 0.71 |
| Employed | |||||||||
| Yes | 61 | 61 | 25 | 26.0 | 35 | 36.5 | 1.62 | 0.68–3.90 | 0.28 |
| No | 39 | 39 | 11 | 11.5 | 25 | 26.0 | ref | ||
| Residential Conditions | |||||||||
| Persons in household | 4 | 3–5 | 4 | 3–5 | 4 | 3–5 | 1.05 | 0.85–1.31 | 0.63 |
| Single room household | |||||||||
| Yes | 28 | 28 | 7 | 7.3 | 19 | 19.8 | 0.52 | 0.19–1.40 | 0.20 |
| No | 72 | 72 | 29 | 30.2 | 41 | 42.7 | ref | ||
| HIV | |||||||||
| CD4 cell count (cells/mm3)(N=75) |
555 | 340–730 | 588 | 321–733 | 542 | 386–720 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.96 |
| ≤250 | 10 | 13.0 | 4 | 5.3 | 6 | 8.0 | 0.94 | 0.24–3.65 | 0.93 |
| >250 | 67 | 87.0 | 27 | 36.0 | 38 | 50.7 | ref | ||
| HIV status known prior to this pregnancy |
|||||||||
| Yes | 74 | 74 | 27 | 28.1 | 44 | 45.8 | 1.09 | 0.42–2.81 | 0.86 |
| No | 26 | 26 | 9 | 9.4 | 16 | 6.7 | ref | ||
| ART prior to this pregnancy (n=95) |
|||||||||
| Yes | 37 | 38.9 | 21 | 23.1 | 15 | 16.5 | 4.10 | 1.67–10.07 | 0.002 |
| No | 58 | 61.1 | 14 | 15.4 | 41 | 45.1 | ref | ||
| ART on enrollment | |||||||||
| PMTCTb | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1.0 | 3 | 3.1 | 2.33 | 0.11–50.98 | 0.59 |
| ART | 88 | 88 | 34 | 35.4 | 50 | 52.1 | 4.76 | 0.56–40.46 | 0.15 |
| None | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1.0 | 7 | 7.3 | ref | ||
| Partner’s HIV status | |||||||||
| Positive | 38 | 38 | 17 | 17.7 | 19 | 19.8 | 1.57 | 0.38–6.30 | 0.63 |
| Negative | 12 | 12 | 4 | 4.2 | 7 | 7.3 | ref | ||
| Unknown | 50 | 50 | 15 | 15.6 | 34 | 35.4 | 0.77 | 0.20–3.04 | 0.71 |
| TB history, symptoms, exposures | |||||||||
| History of TB (n=99) | |||||||||
| Yes | 6 | 6.1 | 4 | 4.2 | 2 | 2.1 | 3.56 | 0.62–20.5 | 0.16 |
| No | 93 | 93.9 | 32 | 33.7 | 57 | 60.0 | ref | ||
| Any WHO TB symptom positivec |
|||||||||
| Yesd | 17 | 17 | 5 | 5.2 | 10 | 10.4 | 0.81 | 0.25–2.58 | 0.72 |
| No | 83 | 83 | 31 | 32.3 | 50 | 52.1 | ref | ||
| Cough >2 weeks | |||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3.1 | 1 | 1.0 | 5.36 | 0.54–53.65 | 0.15 |
| No | 96 | 96 | 33 | 34.4 | 59 | 61.5 | ref | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | |||||||||
| Yes | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.1 | - | 0.52 | |
| No | 98 | 98 | 36 | 37.5 | 58 | 60.4 | |||
| Hemoptysis | |||||||||
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | |
| No | 100 | 100 | 37 | 37.7 | 63 | 62.5 | |||
| Household WHO TB symptom positive |
|||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.0 | - | 1.00 | |
| No | 99 | 99 | 36 | 37.5 | 59 | 61.5 | |||
| TB exposure | |||||||||
| Yes | 23 | 23 | 10 | 10.4 | 13 | 13.5 | 1.39 | 0.54–3.61 | 0.50 |
| No | 77 | 77 | 26 | 27.1 | 47 | 49.0 | ref | ||
| Household TB contact (n=94) |
|||||||||
| Yes | 16 | 16.3 | 9 | 9.6 | 7 | 7.4 | 2.43 | 0.81–7.24 | 0.11 |
| No | 82 | 83.7 | 27 | 28.7 | 51 | 54.3 | ref | ||
a
Excludes 4 participants with missing TST (1 QFT+, 1 QFT −, 2 QFT indeterminate)
b
PMTCT with either nevirapine or zidovudine alone
c
Cough (any duration), fever, weight loss, or night sweats
d
Of 17 women with a positive WHO TB symptom screen: 11 had cough only, 2 cough + night sweats, 1 cough + fever, 1 cough + weight loss, 1 night sweats only, and 1 fever only
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ART, antiretroviral therapy; PMTCT, prevention of maternal to child transmission; ART, antiretroviral therapy; TST, tuberculin skin test; mm, millimeter.