Table 4.
Global all-age deaths and DALYs attributable to each risk factor at each level of the risk factor hierarchy and outcome for both sexes combined in 2005 and 2015
| 2005 deaths(in thousands) | 2015 deaths(in thousands) | Percentage change of 2005–15 deaths | Percentage change of 2005–15 age-standardised PAF | 2005 DALYs(in thousands) | 2015 DALYs(in thousands) | Percentage change of 2005–15 DALYs | Percentage change of 2005–15 age-standardised DALYs PAF | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All risk factors: all causes | 30 718 (30 074 to 31 360) | 32 234 (31 456 to 33 035) | 4·9 (3·2 to 6·7)* | −1·1 (−1·7 to −0·4)* | 1 076 067 (1 022 161 to 1 137 872) | 1 015 470 (953 300 to 1 084 249) | −5·6 (−7·5 to −3·8)* | −4·6 (−5·8 to −3·5)* | ||
| Environmental or occupational risks: all causes | 9523 (8704 to 10 321) | 9315 (8523 to 10 145) | −2·2 (−4·8 to 0·6) | −6·7 (−8·3 to −5·1)* | 362 041 (335 616 to 387 712) | 319 569 (295 706 to 344 884) | −11·7 (−14·7 to −8·3)* | −9·2 (−11·8 to −6·5)* | ||
| Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing: all causes | 2179 (1993 to 2386) | 1766 (1586 to 1944) | −18·9 (−23·6 to −14·2)* | −16·0 (−20·3 to −11·8)* | 129 221 (116 430 to 142 602) | 95 305 (85 818 to 105 821) | −26·2 (−31·4 to −20·5)* | −18·9 (−24·5 to −12·6)* | ||
| Unsafe water source: all causes | 1587 (1284 to 1812) | 1251 (1008 to 1428) | −21·2 (−26·3 to −16·0)* | −18·0 (−22·9 to −13·0)* | 97 248 (78 516 to 112 113) | 71 745 (57 707 to 83 257) | −26·2 (−31·9 to −19·8)* | −18·8 (−25·0 to −12·1)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 1411 (1147 to 1592) | 1101 (887 to 1244) | −22·0 (−27·4 to −16·5)* | −1·4 (−1·9 to −0·9)* | 84 526 (68 642 to 96 429) | 61 104 (49 352 to 69 584) | −27·7 (−33·6 to −21·2)* | −0·6 (−1·0 to −0·4)* | ||
| Typhoid fever | 147 (77 to 245) | 126 (67 to 215) | −14·6 (−21·0 to −8·8)* | −0·7 (−1·5 to −0·3)* | 10 688 (5712 to 17 653) | 8943 (4822 to 15 133) | −16·3 (−23·1 to −10·0)* | −0·7 (−1·5 to −0·3)* | ||
| Paratyphoid fever | 29 (13 to 57) | 25 (11 to 48) | −14·8 (−22·2 to −7·1)* | −0·8 (−1·6 to −0·3)* | 2034 (898 to 4009) | 1699 (757 to 3318) | −16·5 (−24·8 to −8·1)* | −0·7 (−1·6 to −0·3)* | ||
| Unsafe sanitation: all causes | 1114 (1012 to 1230) | 808 (727 to 895) | −27·5 (−32·7 to −22·3)* | −24·7 (−29·7 to −19·9)* | 67 949 (61 085 to 75 899) | 46 275 (41 065 to 51 818) | −31·9 (−37·4 to −25·7)* | −25·1 (−31·1 to −18·1)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 997 (914 to 1087) | 720 (657 to 792) | −27·8 (−33·5 to −22·3)* | −8·9 (−10·9 to −7·2)* | 59 454 (53 638 to 65 649) | 40 005 (36 020 to 44 351) | −32·7 (−38·8 to −26·1)* | −7·6 (−9·4 to −5·9)* | ||
| Typhoid fever | 98 (53 to 164) | 74 (40 to 125) | −24·7 (−30·9 to −18·4)* | −12·4 (−15·2 to −10·0)* | 7149 (3893 to 11 816) | 5290 (2877 to 8857) | −26·0 (−32·6 to −19·3)* | −12·2 (−15·0 to −9·8)* | ||
| Paratyphoid fever | 19 (9 to 36) | 14 (7 to 27) | −25·8 (−32·7 to −18·8)* | −13·6 (−16·5 to −10·9)* | 1346 (627 to 2551) | 981 (456 to 1902) | −27·1 (−34·7 to −19·7)* | −13·4 (−16·3 to −10·8)* | ||
| No handwashing with soap: all causes | 1116 (927 to 1296) | 927 (760 to 1082) | −16·9 (−21·3 to −12·6)* | −14·3 (−18·3 to −10·4)* | 64 152 (53 252 to 74 634) | 47 271 (39 034 to 55 164) | −26·3 (−31·0 to −21·0)* | −19·0 (−24·0 to −13·4)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 643 (514 to 763) | 502 (402 to 599) | −21·9 (−27·4 to −16·5)* | −1·4 (−2·0 to −0·9)* | 38 311 (30 403 to 45 759) | 27 628 (22 106 to 32 796) | −27·9 (−33·9 to −21·3)* | −0·9 (−1·4 to −0·5)* | ||
| Typhoid fever | 67 (34 to 114) | 56 (29 to 97) | −15·2 (−21·6 to −9·2)* | −1·4 (−2·1 to −0·8)* | 4831 (2568 to 8256) | 4019 (2135 to 6933) | −16·8 (−24·0 to −10·4)* | −1·3 (−2·1 to −0·7)* | ||
| Paratyphoid fever | 13 (6 to 26) | 11 (5 to 22) | −15·2 (−22·7 to −7·5)* | −1·4 (−2·2 to −0·8)* | 918 (422 to 1837) | 763 (355 to 1543) | −16·9 (−25·0 to −8·5)* | −1·3 (−2·1 to −0·7)* | ||
| Air pollution: all causes | 6466 (5675 to 7291) | 6485 (5708 to 7292) | 0·3 (−2·6 to 3·3) | −6·3 (−8·2 to −4·4)* | 186 850 (164 716 to 209 142) | 167 290 (148 167 to 185 780) | −10·5 (−13·6 to −7·3)* | −10·5 (−13·1 to −7·9)* | ||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution: all causes | 3934 (3437 to 4448) | 4241 (3698 to 4777) | 7·8 (5·1 to 10·8)* | 0·3 (−1·5 to 1·9) | 107 582 (94 319 to 121 177) | 103 066 (90 830 to 115 073) | −4·2 (−7·5 to −0·7)* | −4·9 (−7·7 to −2·3)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 736 (549 to 957) | 675 (492 to 889) | −8·3 (−13·2 to −3·6)* | −3·4 (−5·8 to −1·6)* | 38 632 (29 407 to 48 531) | 28 360 (21 142 to 35 797) | −26·6 (−31·4 to −21·5)* | −3·1 (−5·4 to −1·4)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 225 (140 to 318) | 283 (178 to 399) | 25·7 (20·8 to 32·0)* | 5·0 (3·2 to 7·7)* | 5171 (3244 to 7263) | 6209 (3935 to 8689) | 20·1 (14·9 to 27·1)* | 5·0 (3·2 to 7·6)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1284 (1060 to 1530) | 1521 (1232 to 1821) | 18·5 (14·3 to 22·4)* | 3·1 (1·7 to 4·5)* | 28 484 (24 254 to 32 699) | 32 406 (27 078 to 37 427) | 13·8 (10·0 to 17·5)* | 3·4 (2·4 to 4·7)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 347 (260 to 432) | 381 (283 to 483) | 9·9 (3·9 to 15·2)* | 3·2 (0·9 to 5·5)* | 6271 (5039 to 7454) | 6618 (5328 to 7905) | 5·5 (0·7 to 10·1)* | 3·5 (1·8 to 5·5)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 505 (417 to 599) | 517 (425 to 614) | 2·3 (−2·2 to 7·1) | 0·4 (−0·9 to 1·6) | 12 605 (10 552 to 14 743) | 12 625 (10 570 to 14 867) | 0·2 (−3·9 to 4·6) | 1·3 (0·3 to 2·5)* | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 837 (522 to 1174) | 864 (538 to 1213) | 3·2 (−1·1 to 8·4) | 0·2 (−0·9 to 1·9) | 16 418 (10 295 to 23 033) | 16 848 (10 517 to 23 590) | 2·6 (−1·6 to 7·7) | 1·2 (−0·1 to 3·3) | ||
| Household air pollution from solid fuels: all causes | 3280 (2505 to 4068) | 2854 (2179 to 3587) | −13·0 (−17·0 to −9·3)* | −17·8 (−21·1 to −14·8)* | 107 509 (83 554 to 132 012) | 85 644 (66 659 to 106 136) | −20·3 (−24·5 to −16·6)* | −19·2 (−22·7 to −15·8)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 905 (663 to 1160) | 729 (523 to 949) | −19·5 (−24·2 to −14·5)* | −13·8 (−16·7 to −10·9)* | 52 898 (38 845 to 67 622) | 36 883 (26 631 to 46 916) | −30·3 (−35·1 to −25·0)* | −7·6 (−10·2 to −4·9)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 159 (83 to 249) | 149 (76 to 241) | −6·3 (−12·6 to 0·4) | −21·4 (−25·9 to −17·4)* | 3806 (1996 to 5932) | 3439 (1767 to 5534) | −9·6 (−15·8 to −3·2)* | −20·8 (−25·2 to −16·9)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 778 (621 to 964) | 765 (598 to 965) | −1·6 (−7·0 to 3·7) | −13·8 (−18·0 to −10·1)* | 18 865 (15 180 to 22 902) | 18 200 (14 417 to 22 512) | −3·5 (−9·1 to 1·8) | −11·9 (−16·0 to −8·0)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 245 (177 to 324) | 214 (152 to 290) | −12·6 (−18·2 to −7·0)* | −17·5 (−21·5 to −13·6)* | 4778 (3479 to 6282) | 4104 (2931 to 5426) | −14·1 (−19·6 to −8·6)* | −15·6 (−19·6 to −12·0)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 418 (306 to 542) | 340 (252 to 446) | −18·6 (−23·5 to −13·7)* | −20·2 (−24·1 to −16·8)* | 10 857 (8159 to 13 941) | 8902 (6581 to 11 543) | −18·0 (−23·0 to −13·2)* | −17·2 (−21·2 to −13·7)* | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 776 (422 to 1183) | 657 (360 to 1014) | −15·3 (−21·2 to −9·8)* | −17·5 (−22·0 to −13·4)* | 15 600 (8513 to 23 817) | 13 373 (7246 to 20 608) | −14·3 (−19·9 to −8·8)* | −15·5 (−20·0 to −11·2)* | ||
| Cataract | .. | .. | .. | .. | 705 (484 to 972) | 742 (512 to 1021) | 5·3 (1·7 to 9·1)* | −15·9 (−18·6 to −13·2)* | ||
| Ambient ozone pollution: all causes | 207 (77 to 353) | 254 (97 to 422) | 22·7 (16·6 to 30·3)* | 10·6 (5·5 to 17·0)* | 3472 (1281 to 5913) | 4116 (1577 to 6789) | 18·5 (12·1 to 26·5)* | 9·6 (3·7 to 17·3)* | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 207 (77 to 353) | 254 (97 to 422) | 22·7 (16·6 to 30·3)* | 19·1 (16·0 to 23·6)* | 3472 (1281 to 5913) | 4116 (1577 to 6789) | 18·5 (12·1 to 26·5)* | 16·6 (12·9 to 21·7)* | ||
| Other environmental risks: all causes | 514 (273 to 804) | 558 (293 to 883) | 8·6 (4·9 to 11·8)* | −2·1 (−5·3 to 0·3) | 10 400 (5470 to 16 412) | 10 673 (5516 to 16 975) | 2·6 (−0·8 to 5·4) | −4·0 (−7·1 to −1·5)* | ||
| Residential radon: all causes | 53 (36 to 71) | 64 (42 to 86) | 19·7 (12·5 to 28·2)* | 10·6 (5·8 to 17·6)* | 1212 (841 to 1638) | 1386 (941 to 1871) | 14·3 (8·3 to 20·6)* | 6·9 (3·1 to 12·0)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 53 (36 to 71) | 64 (42 to 86) | 19·7 (12·5 to 28·2)* | −0·0 (−4·1 to 6·0) | 1212 (841 to 1638) | 1386 (941 to 1871) | 14·3 (8·3 to 20·6)* | −0·1 (−3·2 to 4·6) | ||
| Lead exposure: all causes | 461 (227 to 745) | 495 (237 to 815) | 7·3 (2·6 to 10·7)* | −3·4 (−7·8 to −0·7)* | 9188 (4357 to 15 216) | 9287 (4200 to 15 594) | 1·1 (−3·7 to 4·4) | −5·3 (−9·5 to −2·3)* | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 4 (1 to 7) | 3 (1 to 6) | −8·2 (−14·7 to −2·0)* | −6·1 (−10·8 to −3·1)* | 97 (31 to 204) | 83 (25 to 175) | −14·9 (−21·6 to −9·3)* | −9·9 (−16·4 to −6·2)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 220 (107 to 359) | 240 (111 to 396) | 8·8 (3·3 to 12·7)* | −7·0 (−11·4 to −4·3)* | 3984 (1823 to 6675) | 4123 (1807 to 7049) | 3·5 (−1·8 to 7·1) | −7·6 (−11·9 to −5·0)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 67 (32 to 115) | 68 (31 to 118) | 1·1 (−5·3 to 6·9) | −5·7 (−10·5 to −2·6)* | 1092 (485 to 1882) | 1055 (457 to 1828) | −3·4 (−9·3 to 1·0) | −5·9 (−10·5 to −3·3)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 89 (38 to 155) | 87 (37 to 154) | −1·4 (−6·7 to 3·6) | −4·7 (−8·7 to −2·1)* | 1901 (750 to 3415) | 1807 (695 to 3293) | −4·9 (−9·4 to −1·2)* | −5·2 (−9·7 to −2·7)* | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 40 (12 to 92) | 47 (13 to 112) | 18·1 (7·0 to 26·8)* | −7·9 (−14·2 to −4·0)* | 710 (232 to 1561) | 772 (240 to 1738) | 8·8 (−0·1 to 15·4) | −9·1 (−15·1 to −5·4)* | ||
| Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis | 5 (2 to 8) | 5 (2 to 8) | 1·3 (−4·7 to 7·8) | −8·5 (−13·8 to −4·8)* | 99 (34 to 202) | 91 (31 to 183) | −8·5 (−13·2 to −3·1)* | −9·1 (−13·7 to −5·6)* | ||
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 3 (1 to 4) | 3 (1 to 5) | 22·1 (13·1 to 27·9)* | −9·7 (−15·8 to −6·3)* | 65 (30 to 113) | 72 (30 to 130) | 10·1 (0·7 to 15·5)* | −13·3 (−20·5 to −9·2)* | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 2 (1 to 4) | 2 (1 to 4) | 7·4 (−3·1 to 14·5) | −13·5 (−20·9 to −9·3)* | 38 (16 to 67) | 39 (15 to 73) | 1·8 (−8·9 to 9·0) | −14·8 (−22·9 to −10·1)* | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 17·3 (3·0 to 28·6)* | −14·4 (−24·2 to −9·1)* | 11 (4 to 20) | 12 (4 to 23) | 11·9 (−0·6 to 19·7) | −14·2 (−23·2 to −9·6)* | ||
| Endocarditis | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 2) | 11·8 (2·8 to 18·6)* | −11·6 (−18·6 to −7·6)* | 21 (8 to 39) | 21 (8 to 42) | 4·1 (−4·9 to 10·9) | −13·5 (−22·2 to −7·6)* | ||
| Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | 8 (4 to 14) | 9 (4 to 15) | 9·0 (2·6 to 14·3)* | −8·5 (−13·7 to −5·5)* | 223 (98 to 388) | 235 (98 to 422) | 5·4 (−2·3 to 10·4) | −10·3 (−16·9 to −6·5)* | ||
| Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability | .. | .. | .. | .. | 471 (214 to 815) | 423 (188 to 739) | −10·3 (−15·7 to −6·1)* | −13·7 (−19·2 to −9·8)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 7 (3 to 12) | 9 (4 to 17) | 28·9 (20·2 to 34·6)* | −9·0 (−14·7 to −5·9)* | 150 (58 to 293) | 179 (65 to 356) | 19·4 (10·5 to 24·7)* | −10·5 (−17·1 to −6·9)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 11 (5 to 18) | 14 (6 to 23) | 28·0 (20·9 to 33·0)* | −7·2 (−11·5 to −4·7)* | 196 (84 to 353) | 231 (97 to 416) | 17·8 (10·8 to 22·8)* | −8·4 (−13·5 to −5·4)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 4 (2 to 7) | 5 (2 to 8) | 22·1 (16·9 to 27·8)* | 0·1 (−2·1 to 2·0) | 94 (34 to 180) | 102 (37 to 197) | 8·7 (4·5 to 12·9)* | −3·6 (−6·7 to −1·4)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 33·1 (24·5 to 42·3)* | −2·3 (−8·2 to 1·9) | 36 (14 to 73) | 41 (16 to 86) | 13·7 (7·8 to 17·7)* | −9·4 (−15·1 to −5·6)* | ||
| Occupational risks: all causes | 951 (889 to 1016) | 1086 (1013 to 1165) | 14·2 (10·4 to 18·6)* | 7·2 (4·2 to 10·5)* | 55 835 (47 024 to 65 679) | 63 615 (53 616 to 75 415) | 13·9 (11·0 to 17·3)* | 13·0 (10·2 to 16·2)* | ||
| Occupational carcinogens: all causes | 391 (370 to 410) | 489 (461 to 517) | 25·1 (20·4 to 30·2)* | 15·9 (12·0 to 20·2)* | 8109 (7708 to 8503) | 9832 (9318 to 10 385) | 21·2 (16·5 to 26·7)* | 12·9 (8·6 to 18·0)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to asbestos: all causes | 135 (118 to 154) | 180 (158 to 205) | 33·4 (27·3 to 40·1)* | 21·5 (16·2 to 27·2)* | 2210 (1919 to 2529) | 2769 (2391 to 3185) | 25·3 (19·4 to 31·6)* | 16·1 (10·6 to 21·7)* | ||
| Laryngeal cancer | 1 (1 to 1) | 1 (1 to 2) | 38·5 (25·8 to 56·8)* | 19·4 (9·0 to 35·4)* | 17 (11 to 25) | 22 (14 to 31) | 27·8 (17·9 to 41·3)* | 14·5 (6·5 to 25·6)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 117 (101 to 135) | 155 (132 to 179) | 31·6 (25·6 to 38·6)* | 8·3 (4·1 to 12·5)* | 1875 (1590 to 2179) | 2314 (1947 to 2732) | 23·4 (17·3 to 29·9)* | 6·8 (2·7 to 11·0)* | ||
| Ovarian cancer | 1 (1 to 2) | 1 (1 to 2) | 27·3 (18·6 to 37·3)* | 3·7 (−2·6 to 10·4) | 19 (9 to 31) | 23 (11 to 38) | 22·1 (12·3 to 33·8)* | 0·7 (−6·0 to 8·2) | ||
| Mesothelioma | 16 (12 to 18) | 23 (19 to 26) | 47·2 (39·4 to 55·0)* | 3·9 (1·9 to 7·1)* | 298 (226 to 362) | 410 (320 to 488) | 37·3 (30·2 to 44·1)* | 3·9 (1·8 to 6·8)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to arsenic: all causes | 9 (7 to 11) | 9 (7 to 11) | −0·1 (−5·3 to 5·9) | −6·5 (−11·2 to −1·2)* | 196 (152 to 242) | 194 (150 to 242) | −0·9 (−6·2 to 5·4) | −7·6 (−12·4 to −1·7)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 9 (7 to 11) | 9 (7 to 11) | −0·1 (−5·3 to 5·9) | −15·5 (−18·6 to −12·2)* | 196 (152 to 242) | 194 (150 to 242) | −0·9 (−6·2 to 5·4) | −13·7 (−16·8 to −10·7)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to benzene: all causes | 4 (4 to 5) | 6 (5 to 7) | 31·6 (26·4 to 36·6)* | 29·0 (24·9 to 33·2)* | 162 (137 to 190) | 211 (178 to 247) | 30·8 (25·4 to 36·0)* | 31·0 (25·9 to 36·5)* | ||
| Leukaemia | 4 (4 to 5) | 6 (5 to 7) | 31·6 (26·4 to 36·6)* | 13·6 (10·7 to 16·4)* | 162 (137 to 190) | 211 (178 to 247) | 30·8 (25·4 to 36·0)* | 17·5 (14·4 to 20·7)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to beryllium: all causes | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | −1·2 (−6·7 to 5·4) | −7·5 (−12·3 to −1·7)* | 13 (10 to 15) | 12 (10 to 15) | −2·1 (−7·7 to 4·7) | −8·7 (−14·0 to −2·7)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | −1·2 (−6·7 to 5·4) | −16·4 (−19·7 to −12·8)* | 13 (10 to 15) | 12 (10 to 15) | −2·1 (−7·7 to 4·7) | −14·7 (−17·9 to −11·2)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to cadmium: all causes | 2 (2 to 2) | 2 (2 to 3) | 9·5 (3·6 to 16·2)* | 2·4 (−2·6 to 8·2) | 43 (36 to 51) | 47 (38 to 56) | 8·7 (2·8 to 15·5)* | 1·2 (−4·2 to 7·5) | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 2 (2 to 2) | 2 (2 to 3) | 9·5 (3·6 to 16·2)* | −7·4 (−10·8 to −3·7)* | 43 (36 to 51) | 47 (38 to 56) | 8·7 (2·8 to 15·5)* | −5·5 (−8·6 to −2·0)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to chromium: all causes | 7 (6 to 8) | 7 (6 to 8) | 4·4 (−1·1 to 10·8) | −2·2 (−6·8 to 3·6) | 151 (133 to 171) | 157 (137 to 178) | 3·6 (−2·1 to 10·1) | −3·5 (−8·3 to 2·4) | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 7 (6 to 8) | 7 (6 to 8) | 4·4 (−1·1 to 10·8) | −11·7 (−14·6 to −8·5)* | 151 (133 to 171) | 157 (137 to 178) | 3·6 (−2·1 to 10·1) | −9·8 (−12·6 to −6·8)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: all causes | 91 (81 to 103) | 120 (106 to 136) | 30·8 (24·6 to 37·8)* | 22·2 (17·0 to 28·3)* | 2048 (1815 to 2304) | 2657 (2341 to 2994) | 29·8 (23·6 to 37·1)* | 20·8 (15·3 to 27·6)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 91 (81 to 103) | 120 (106 to 136) | 30·8 (24·6 to 37·8)* | 10·4 (7·4 to 13·7)* | 2048 (1815 to 2304) | 2657 (2341 to 2994) | 29·8 (23·6 to 37·1)* | 12·8 (10·0 to 15·7)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to second-hand smoke: all causes | 84 (79 to 89) | 96 (90 to 103) | 14·7 (9·9 to 20·1)* | 7·3 (3·4 to 11·8)* | 1860 (1742 to 1972) | 2113 (1966 to 2262) | 13·6 (8·9 to 18·9)* | 5·7 (1·6 to 10·9)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 84 (79 to 89) | 96 (90 to 103) | 14·7 (9·9 to 20·1)* | −3·0 (−5·1 to −0·7)* | 1860 (1742 to 1972) | 2113 (1966 to 2262) | 13·6 (8·9 to 18·9)* | −1·2 (−3·1 to 0·8) | ||
| Occupational exposure to formaldehyde: all causes | 2 (2 to 2) | 2 (2 to 2) | 1·7 (−4·6 to 7·9) | −1·1 (−6·8 to 4·7) | 71 (57 to 87) | 71 (57 to 87) | −0·1 (−6·4 to 6·2) | −1·0 (−7·1 to 5·0) | ||
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | 1 (1 to 1) | 1 (1 to 1) | −6·0 (−16·3 to 4·0) | −15·3 (−20·2 to −9·5)* | 36 (23 to 51) | 33 (21 to 47) | −8·8 (−19·4 to 1·8) | −13·4 (−18·5 to −7·1)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to nickel: all causes | 32 (24 to 42) | 33 (24 to 43) | 2·2 (−3·7 to 9·0) | −4·3 (−10·0 to 2·0) | 720 (535 to 927) | 729 (535 to 956) | 1·3 (−4·9 to 8·5) | −5·6 (−11·3 to 1·2) | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 32 (24 to 42) | 33 (24 to 43) | 2·2 (−3·7 to 9·0) | −13·6 (−17·5 to −9·5)* | 720 (535 to 927) | 729 (535 to 956) | 1·3 (−4·9 to 8·5) | −11·8 (−15·7 to −7·9)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: all causes | 15 (13 to 18) | 18 (15 to 21) | 16·9 (11·1 to 23·7)* | 9·3 (4·2 to 15·5)* | 342 (283 to 402) | 397 (327 to 470) | 16·1 (10·1 to 23·1)* | 8·1 (2·6 to 14·4)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 15 (13 to 18) | 18 (15 to 21) | 16·9 (11·1 to 23·7)* | −1·2 (−4·5 to 2·3) | 342 (283 to 402) | 397 (327 to 470) | 16·1 (10·1 to 23·1)* | 1·0 (−2·1 to 4·1) | ||
| Occupational exposure to silica: all causes | 65 (59 to 71) | 86 (79 to 95) | 32·9 (25·8 to 40·8)* | 24·6 (18·6 to 31·3)* | 1444 (1308 to 1578) | 1894 (1724 to 2073) | 31·1 (24·2 to 39·3)* | 22·4 (16·2 to 29·8)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 65 (59 to 71) | 86 (79 to 95) | 32·9 (25·8 to 40·8)* | 12·6 (8·7 to 17·0)* | 1444 (1308 to 1578) | 1894 (1724 to 2073) | 31·1 (24·2 to 39·3)* | 14·4 (10·6 to 18·4)* | ||
| Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid: all causes | 7 (5 to 9) | 8 (6 to 10) | 13·9 (9·1 to 18·9)* | 5·7 (1·5 to 10·2)* | 175 (134 to 219) | 199 (151 to 253) | 13·8 (9·2 to 18·7)* | 5·3 (1·0 to 10·0)* | ||
| Laryngeal cancer | 7 (5 to 9) | 8 (6 to 10) | 13·9 (9·1 to 18·9)* | 0·7 (−2·4 to 3·7) | 175 (134 to 219) | 199 (151 to 253) | 13·8 (9·2 to 18·7)* | 2·0 (−0·8 to 5·0) | ||
| Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene: all causes | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 25·3 (19·4 to 30·3)* | 16·6 (11·3 to 20·5)* | 3 (1 to 6) | 4 (1 to 8) | 26·3 (20·4 to 31·2)* | 17·2 (11·6 to 21·8)* | ||
| Kidney cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 25·3 (19·4 to 30·3)* | −3·5 (−6·4 to −0·6)* | 3 (1 to 6) | 4 (1 to 8) | 26·3 (20·4 to 31·2)* | −2·7 (−5·5 to 0·7) | ||
| Occupational asthmagens: all causes | 50 (39 to 61) | 42 (35 to 48) | −16·9 (−26·0 to −2·4)* | −21·0 (−29·8 to −7·0)* | 2754 (2190 to 3373) | 2621 (2081 to 3223) | −4·8 (−12·0 to 3·6) | −5·3 (−12·2 to 3·8) | ||
| Asthma | 50 (39 to 61) | 42 (35 to 48) | −16·9 (−26·0 to −2·4)* | −4·6 (−11·0 to 3·0) | 2754 (2190 to 3373) | 2621 (2081 to 3223) | −4·8 (−12·0 to 3·6) | −5·4 (−9·1 to −1·7)* | ||
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes: all causes | 337 (280 to 392) | 357 (293 to 419) | 5·9 (0·9 to 11·6)* | −3·7 (−7·4 to 0·6) | 8405 (7325 to 9570) | 8787 (7598 to 9987) | 4·5 (0·5 to 9·2)* | −1·8 (−5·2 to 2·4) | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 334 (278 to 389) | 354 (290 to 417) | 6·0 (1·0 to 11·8)* | 3·8 (1·2 to 6·9)* | 8346 (7264 to 9509) | 8729 (7541 to 9926) | 4·6 (0·6 to 9·3)* | 4·5 (2·5 to 6·8)* | ||
| Occupational noise: all causes | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8659 (5925 to 11 948) | 10 875 (7410 to 15 038) | 25·6 (23·5 to 27·7)* | 26·6 (24·1 to 29·2)* | ||
| Age-related and other hearing loss | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8659 (5925 to 11 948) | 10 875 (7410 to 15 038) | 25·6 (23·5 to 27·7)* | 3·8 (2·8 to 4·8)* | ||
| Occupational injuries: all causes | 189 (168 to 207) | 204 (191 to 232) | 8·0 (−3·4 to 24·3) | 12·4 (0·1 to 29·3)* | 12 212 (10 736 to 13 682) | 13 492 (12 006 to 15 545) | 10·5 (−0·2 to 25·9) | 16·9 (5·7 to 33·3)* | ||
| Pedestrian road injuries | 26 (22 to 30) | 30 (27 to 37) | 16·9 (−0·9 to 42·4) | 23·3 (3·0 to 54·6)* | 1320 (1110 to 1528) | 1510 (1362 to 1842) | 14·4 (−2·9 to 39·0) | 26·8 (6·3 to 58·0)* | ||
| Cyclist road injuries | 3 (3 to 3) | 3 (3 to 4) | 21·9 (8·3 to 35·5)* | 33·3 (18·7 to 50·2)* | 190 (166 to 215) | 243 (211 to 280) | 27·8 (16·1 to 40·6)* | 39·9 (26·6 to 55·3)* | ||
| Motorcyclist road injuries | 19 (17 to 21) | 22 (20 to 26) | 17·7 (3·2 to 36·2)* | 13·3 (1·5 to 28·3)* | 1101 (975 to 1222) | 1287 (1158 to 1469) | 16·9 (3·6 to 33·4)* | 16·5 (4·8 to 31·0)* | ||
| Motor vehicle road injuries | 42 (38 to 47) | 46 (43 to 51) | 9·4 (−0·1 to 21·1) | 15·2 (5·8 to 27·7)* | 2419 (2206 to 2692) | 2668 (2457 to 2977) | 10·3 (1·2 to 21·5)* | 18·2 (8·5 to 30·1)* | ||
| Other road injuries | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 3) | −6·0 (−32·1 to 41·6) | −14·8 (−39·3 to 28·1) | 127 (86 to 169) | 127 (95 to 182) | −0·1 (−26·0 to 42·7) | −9·4 (−32·9 to 29·2) | ||
| Other transport injuries | 5 (4 to 6) | 6 (5 to 8) | 23·5 (0·3 to 55·7)* | 21·5 (1·2 to 52·9)* | 275 (229 to 325) | 332 (286 to 408) | 20·8 (−0·6 to 51·1) | 23·6 (3·7 to 53·3)* | ||
| Falls | 19 (17 to 22) | 23 (21 to 26) | 21·2 (7·1 to 39·4)* | 6·2 (−7·0 to 21·7) | 1847 (1520 to 2255) | 2329 (1892 to 2877) | 26·1 (13·2 to 41·2)* | 17·9 (6·0 to 32·0)* | ||
| Drowning | 26 (20 to 31) | 22 (19 to 31) | −15·0 (−33·5 to 15·9) | 3·8 (−19·8 to 42·5) | 1358 (1052 to 1625) | 1137 (967 to 1591) | −16·3 (−33·9 to 14·8) | 10·7 (−13·5 to 50·2) | ||
| Fire, heat, and hot substances | 12 (10 to 14) | 12 (11 to 15) | 7·7 (−6·0 to 25·5) | 21·9 (7·2 to 42·1)* | 815 (704 to 964) | 909 (771 to 1084) | 11·5 (−2·2 to 28·7) | 26·6 (10·7 to 46·4)* | ||
| Poisonings | 4 (3 to 4) | 3 (3 to 4) | −19·5 (−26·2 to −11·5)* | −4·9 (−18·9 to 9·0) | 233 (193 to 262) | 199 (168 to 225) | −14·6 (−22·0 to −6·1)* | 0·2 (−20·3 to 20·8) | ||
| Unintentional firearm injuries | 2 (1 to 2) | 2 (1 to 2) | −1·4 (−11·2 to 8·9) | 3·8 (−6·2 to 14·3) | 100 (71 to 113) | 99 (73 to 112) | −1·5 (−10·9 to 8·4) | 5·0 (−5·8 to 17·0) | ||
| Unintentional suffocation | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 46·8 (7·5 to 75·3)* | 39·4 (12·7 to 68·3)* | 9 (8 to 11) | 13 (10 to 15) | 33·1 (11·7 to 54·0)* | 34·6 (13·0 to 61·0)* | ||
| Other exposure to mechanical forces | 9 (8 to 10) | 10 (8 to 12) | 15·0 (−1·1 to 28·9) | 18·1 (7·8 to 31·2)* | 737 (625 to 859) | 875 (704 to 1055) | 18·7 (6·7 to 31·0)* | 23·2 (11·9 to 35·9)* | ||
| Venomous animal contact | 3 (2 to 4) | 3 (2 to 4) | −8·1 (−23·4 to 15·9) | 2·2 (−12·2 to 18·8) | 210 (152 to 247) | 202 (143 to 247) | −3·8 (−17·2 to 15·6) | 8·9 (−7·1 to 26·2) | ||
| Non-venomous animal contact | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 0) | −10·1 (−24·7 to 10·9) | 0·6 (−14·0 to 17·7) | 36 (29 to 45) | 36 (29 to 46) | −0·1 (−14·3 to 16·5) | 11·1 (−6·1 to 30·1) | ||
| Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway | 3 (3 to 4) | 4 (3 to 4) | 28·0 (15·5 to 40·1)* | 20·7 (10·3 to 32·0)* | 192 (163 to 225) | 239 (205 to 274) | 24·4 (14·1 to 34·8)* | 25·3 (11·8 to 40·9)* | ||
| Foreign body in eyes | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 (1 to 6) | 4 (2 to 8) | 38·6 (28·8 to 49·0)* | 20·1 (11·8 to 29·2)* | ||
| Foreign body in other body part | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 2) | 6·1 (−12·7 to 24·0) | 13·5 (−0·2 to 28·2) | 138 (105 to 179) | 157 (124 to 191) | 13·8 (−2·8 to 29·5) | 20·1 (4·4 to 36·1)* | ||
| Other unintentional injuries | 11 (10 to 13) | 11 (9 to 14) | −5·8 (−22·6 to 23·4) | 6·3 (−12·0 to 38·6) | 1101 (882 to 1349) | 1128 (895 to 1490) | 2·4 (−12·1 to 24·5) | 12·5 (−3·4 to 37·4) | ||
| Occupational ergonomic factors: all causes | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 792 (11 730 to 23 448) | 18 573 (12 979 to 25 759) | 10·6 (9·2 to 12·0)* | 11·7 (9·5 to 14·2)* | ||
| Low back pain | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 792 (11 730 to 23 448) | 18 573 (12 979 to 25 759) | 10·6 (9·2 to 12·0)* | −4·9 (−5·6 to −4·1)* | ||
| Behavioural risks: all causes | 22 355 (21 183 to 23 567) | 22 744 (21 408 to 24 126) | 1·7 (−0·3 to 3·8) | −3·1 (−4·2 to −2·0)* | 825 546 (781 724 to 872 847) | 745 463 (698273 to 797 964) | −9·7 (−11·8 to −7·7)* | −7·9 (−9·3 to −6·5)* | ||
| Child and maternal malnutrition: all causes | 2280 (2113 to 2453) | 1414 (1308 to 1533) | −38·0 (−41·9 to −33·7)* | −30·4 (−34·9 to −25·6)* | 248 339 (226 327 to 275 262) | 172 120 (151 792 to 196 176) | −30·7 (−34·6 to −26·9)* | −22·2 (−26·4 to −18·3)* | ||
| Suboptimal breastfeeding: all causes | 592 (390 to 843) | 391 (258 to 550) | −33·9 (−39·7 to −27·5)* | −25·3 (−31·8 to −18·1)* | 51 338 (33 863 to 73 062) | 34 030 (22 497 to 47 771) | −33·7 (−39·5 to −27·2)* | −24·9 (−31·2 to −17·6)* | ||
| Non-exclusive breastfeeding: all causes | 551 (347 to 789) | 364 (227 to 520) | −34·0 (−39·5 to −27·6)* | −25·3 (−31·7 to −18·3)* | 47 654 (30 141 to 68 060) | 31 507 (19 669 to 44 929) | −33·9 (−39·4 to −27·5)* | −25·0 (−31·2 to −18·0)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 228 (141 to 309) | 156 (98 to 216) | −31·5 (−40·4 to −21·0)* | −5·0 (−15·2 to 7·9) | 19 768 (12 250 to 26 755) | 13 579 (8489 to 18 758) | −31·3 (−40·1 to −20·8)* | −2·2 (−10·7 to 7·6) | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 323 (137 to 555) | 208 (86 to 355) | −35·7 (−41·6 to −30·2)* | −24·9 (−31·0 to −19·0)* | 27 886 (11 846 to 47 863) | 17 928 (7453 to 30 580) | −35·7 (−41·5 to −30·2)* | −12·4 (−18·2 to −6·2)* | ||
| Discontinued breastfeeding: all causes | 55 (19 to 103) | 37 (13 to 69) | −33·2 (−42·7 to −21·6)* | −25·2 (−35·9 to −12·3)* | 4909 (1745 to 9248) | 3356 (1147 to 6281) | −31·6 (−40·8 to −20·5)* | −23·2 (−33·3 to −10·8)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 55 (19 to 103) | 37 (13 to 69) | −33·2 (−42·7 to −21·6)* | −8·3 (−19·9 to 3·9) | 4909 (1745 to 9248) | 3356 (1147 to 6281) | −31·6 (−40·8 to −20·5)* | −3·6 (−12·1 to 5·5) | ||
| Childhood undernutrition: all causes | 2093 (1931 to 2261) | 1265 (1160 to 1383) | −39·6 (−43·6 to −35·1)* | −32·1 (−36·9 to −27·0)* | 184 339 (170 596 to 199 097) | 113 280 (103 941 to 123 401) | −38·5 (−42·5 to −34·2)* | −30·8 (−35·2 to −26·0)* | ||
| Childhood underweight: all causes | 666 (531 to 857) | 373 (304 to 468) | −44·0 (−52·0 to −34·8)* | −37·2 (−46·1 to −27·1)* | 60 146 (48 823 to 76 465) | 34 911 (28 903 to 43 357) | −42·0 (−49·6 to −33·2)* | −34·7 (−43·0 to −25·0)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 124 (101 to 157) | 69 (55 to 87) | −44·7 (−51·5 to −36·1)* | −23·8 (−31·6 to −15·2)* | 10 975 (8985 to 13 785) | 6162 (4984 to 7724) | −43·9 (−50·7 to −35·6)* | −20·6 (−26·2 to −14·9)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 209 (139 to 359) | 110 (70 to 197) | −47·5 (−52·7 to −42·3)* | −38·9 (−44·2 to −34·0)* | 17 904 (11 962 to 30 872) | 9416 (5994 to 16 919) | −47·4 (−52·6 to −42·2)* | −28·7 (−33·4 to −24·5)* | ||
| Measles | 100 (21 to 252) | 20 (4 to 56) | −79·9 (−88·1 to −68·7)* | −20·2 (−37·5 to −9·6)* | 8476 (1751 to 21 476) | 1701 (311 to 4763) | −79·9 (−88·1 to −68·7)* | −20·2 (−37·3 to −9·9)* | ||
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 233 (180 to 301) | 174 (131 to 227) | −25·3 (−42·5 to −3·6)* | −5·9 (−16·9 to 6·5) | 22 791 (18 010 to 28 484) | 17 633 (13 635 to 22 230) | −22·6 (−38·0 to −3·6)* | −0·8 (−4·3 to 2·8) | ||
| Childhood wasting: all causes | 1882 (1608 to 2125) | 1169 (982 to 1306) | −37·9 (−42·9 to −32·8)* | −30·2 (−35·7 to −24·3)* | 166 166 (142 764 to 186 926) | 104 945 (88 636 to 117 151) | −36·8 (−41·7 to −32·0)* | −28·8 (−34·2 to −23·4)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 663 (543 to 749) | 431 (353 to 490) | −34·9 (−42·9 to −25·2)* | −10·4 (−19·4 to −1·0)* | 58 779 (48 152 to 66 140) | 38 905 (31 778 to 44 310) | −33·8 (−41·7 to −24·5)* | −6·5 (−11·4 to −1·3)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 861 (623 to 1010) | 535 (377 to 639) | −37·9 (−43·3 to −32·4)* | −27·8 (−32·6 to −22·6)* | 73 987 (53 576 to 86 771) | 45 989 (32 457 to 54 877) | −37·8 (−43·2 to −32·4)* | −15·7 (−19·7 to −12·0)* | ||
| Measles | 125 (30 to 374) | 28 (6 to 92) | −77·2 (−86·2 to −63·8)* | −9·3 (−27·5 to −0·8)* | 10 608 (2529 to 31 860) | 2419 (483 to 7851) | −77·2 (−86·2 to −63·8)* | −9·3 (−27·4 to −0·9)* | ||
| Protein-energy malnutrition | 233 (180 to 301) | 174 (131 to 227) | −25·3 (−42·5 to −3·6)* | −5·9 (−16·9 to 6·5) | 22 791 (18 010 to 28 484) | 17 633 (13 635 to 22 230) | −22·6 (−38·0 to −3·6)* | −0·8 (−4·3 to 2·8) | ||
| Childhood stunting: all causes | 508 (248 to 853) | 257 (114 to 454) | −49·4 (−58·0 to −43·2)* | −43·1 (−53·0 to −36·2)* | 43 961 (21 558 to 73 511) | 22 420 (9964 to 39 448) | −49·0 (−57·4 to −42·9)* | −42·5 (−52·3 to −35·6)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 154 (59 to 268) | 87 (31 to 156) | −43·6 (−51·1 to −33·4)* | −22·3 (−30·5 to −13·0)* | 13 638 (5210 to 23 658) | 7824 (2807 to 13 947) | −42·6 (−50·1 to −32·8)* | −18·9 (−24·7 to −13·1)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 282 (25 to 615) | 155 (12 to 348) | −45·1 (−50·9 to −36·6)* | −36·1 (−42·0 to −26·4)* | 24 248 (2170 to 52 767) | 13 335 (1014 to 29 932) | −45·0 (−50·8 to −36·5)* | −25·4 (−31·1 to −16·1)* | ||
| Measles | 71 (7 to 202) | 15 (1 to 45) | −79·2 (−87·9 to −61·9)* | −16·9 (−30·7 to −5·4)* | 6074 (612 to 17 171) | 1262 (108 to 3787) | −79·2 (−87·9 to −61·9)* | −16·9 (−30·6 to −5·3)* | ||
| Iron deficiency: all causes | 87 (59 to 116) | 84 (58 to 114) | −3·5 (−14·8 to 10·0) | 1·7 (−9·3 to 14·7) | 55 120 (37 924 to 76 937) | 52 870 (36 518 to 74 437) | −4·1 (−5·8 to −2·4)* | 6·1 (3·9 to 8·5)* | ||
| Maternal haemorrhage | 30 (12 to 48) | 24 (9 to 40) | −20·3 (−32·7 to −7·6)* | −4·4 (−11·2 to 2·2) | 1694 (672 to 2705) | 1338 (509 to 2236) | −21·0 (−32·8 to −8·8)* | −4·5 (−11·1 to 2·1) | ||
| Maternal sepsis and other pregnancy-related infections | 8 (3 to 13) | 5 (2 to 9) | −34·1 (−47·7 to −17·6)* | −8·8 (−14·7 to −3·0)* | 475 (187 to 776) | 315 (118 to 543) | −33·7 (−46·9 to −17·2)* | −8·7 (−14·6 to −2·9)* | ||
| Iron-deficiency anaemia | 48 (32 to 63) | 54 (35 to 73) | 12·1 (−2·1 to 28·0) | .. | 52 951 (36 342 to 74 874) | 51 217 (35 014 to 72 661) | −3·3 (−4·8 to −1·8)* | .. | ||
| Vitamin A deficiency: all causes | 191 (116 to 291) | 83 (50 to 119) | −56·7 (−66·6 to −47·3)* | −51·6 (−62·5 to −41·0)* | 16 864 (10 421 to 25 457) | 7611 (4693 to 10 841) | −54·9 (−64·7 to −45·6)* | −49·4 (−60·2 to −39·1)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 107 (60 to 158) | 64 (36 to 93) | −40·2 (−48·1 to −30·7)* | −17·9 (−26·8 to −8·5)* | 9531 (5402 to 14 012) | 5805 (3234 to 8402) | −39·1 (−46·7 to −29·8)* | −14·2 (−20·1 to −8·0)* | ||
| Measles | 84 (31 to 176) | 19 (7 to 41) | −77·9 (−86·0 to −66·3)* | −12·1 (−23·1 to −2·7)* | 7124 (2655 to 14 910) | 1574 (556 to 3469) | −77·9 (−86·0 to −66·3)* | −12·0 (−22·8 to −2·8)* | ||
| Vitamin A deficiency | .. | .. | .. | .. | 209 (131 to 309) | 232 (143 to 346) | 10·9 (7·5 to 14·6)* | .. | ||
| Zinc deficiency: all causes | 93 (5 to 208) | 55 (3 to 125) | −40·5 (−49·1 to −28·8)* | −33·8 (−43·3 to −21·0)* | 8162 (819 to 17 948) | 4967 (600 to 10 853) | −39·1 (−47·3 to −25·0)* | −32·2 (−40·9 to −16·2)* | ||
| Diarrhoeal diseases | 51 (0 to 119) | 31 (0 to 73) | −39·7 (−50·0 to 0·0) | −17·9 (−30·1 to 0·0) | 4663 (301 to 10 330) | 2911 (275 to 6369) | −37·6 (−47·4 to −8·3)* | −12·8 (−22·8 to 29·3) | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 41 (0 to 143) | 24 (0 to 83) | −41·4 (−49·4 to 0·0) | −32·8 (−40·8 to 0·0) | 3498 (13 to 12 111) | 2056 (11 to 7031) | −41·2 (−48·8 to −11·0)* | −21·4 (−29·4 to 21·5) | ||
| Tobacco smoke: all causes | 6879 (6207 to 7522) | 7165 (6544 to 7775) | 4·2 (0·9 to 7·6)* | −4·0 (−6·4 to −1·5)* | 174 309 (158 980 to 190 805) | 170 889 (156 216 to 185 988) | −2·0 (−5·1 to 1·3) | −6·4 (−9·0 to −3·6)* | ||
| Smoking: all causes | 6113 (5402 to 6780) | 6402 (5749 to 7037) | 4·7 (1·2 to 8·5)* | −3·9 (−6·7 to −0·8)* | 147 153 (131 914 to 161 831) | 148 623 (134 236 to 163 140) | 1·0 (−2·4 to 4·6) | −5·0 (−8·1 to −1·9)* | ||
| Tuberculosis | 114 (57 to 180) | 87 (41 to 140) | −23·9 (−32·0 to −16·9)* | −9·4 (−15·3 to −4·8)* | 3717 (1859 to 5830) | 2836 (1357 to 4514) | −23·7 (−31·0 to −17·4)* | −9·0 (−15·5 to −3·9)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 332 (265 to 405) | 350 (276 to 433) | 5·4 (1·0 to 9·4)* | −1·3 (−4·6 to 2·0) | 7119 (5724 to 8603) | 7044 (5589 to 8640) | −1·1 (−5·4 to 3·3) | 13·3 (7·0 to 19·9)* | ||
| Lip and oral cavity cancer | 48 (41 to 55) | 60 (50 to 71) | 25·8 (18·6 to 32·7)* | −4·9 (−8·8 to −1·6)* | 1288 (1099 to 1487) | 1548 (1284 to 1831) | 20·2 (12·5 to 27·8)* | −6·8 (−10·9 to −3·1)* | ||
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | 21 (15 to 28) | 23 (16 to 30) | 8·3 (−2·0 to 20·0) | −4·5 (−9·9 to 2·3) | 640 (431 to 887) | 643 (451 to 867) | 0·5 (−11·1 to 14·2) | −6·4 (−13·5 to 2·9) | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | 163 (101 to 236) | 157 (104 to 216) | −4·0 (−13·8 to 8·6) | 0·3 (−7·2 to 13·0) | 3736 (2336 to 5384) | 3418 (2286 to 4696) | −8·5 (−18·1 to 4·4) | −1·1 (−8·9 to 11·6) | ||
| Stomach cancer | 88 (51 to 138) | 81 (47 to 126) | −8·0 (−14·7 to −1·5)* | −7·0 (−11·9 to −2·3)* | 2030 (1162 to 3180) | 1706 (958 to 2630) | −16·0 (−23·2 to −8·8)* | −10·0 (−15·9 to −4·6)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 45 (32 to 60) | 50 (35 to 66) | 10·2 (4·8 to 15·3)* | −10·3 (−13·7 to −7·4)* | 978 (682 to 1293) | 996 (696 to 1314) | 1·9 (−3·4 to 6·8) | −14·0 (−17·5 to −11·1)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | 37 (17 to 72) | 35 (16 to 64) | −5·0 (−20·0 to 13·1) | −5·1 (−15·4 to 10·9) | 1176 (512 to 2280) | 1022 (467 to 1899) | −13·1 (−29·5 to 7·7) | −8·6 (−21·7 to 11·0) | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | 20 (12 to 29) | 24 (14 to 35) | 20·3 (12·8 to 28·6)* | −0·4 (−6·0 to 5·0) | 426 (248 to 634) | 474 (275 to 712) | 11·4 (2·1 to 21·4)* | −2·7 (−8·7 to 4·1) | ||
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 34 (17 to 58) | 40 (20 to 69) | 18·2 (6·8 to 31·0)* | −5·9 (−12·1 to −0·1)* | 849 (426 to 1476) | 958 (467 to 1652) | 12·8 (−0·3 to 26·9) | −7·8 (−14·9 to −0·7)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to other causes | 16 (8 to 29) | 16 (9 to 28) | 0·5 (−12·5 to 18·5) | −0·1 (−10·4 to 15·6) | 440 (204 to 817) | 396 (202 to 684) | −9·8 (−24·7 to 11·0) | −4·0 (−16·4 to 15·6) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 62 (50 to 75) | 73 (59 to 89) | 18·0 (14·0 to 22·2)* | −9·3 (−11·8 to −6·9)* | 1330 (1068 to 1630) | 1467 (1159 to 1820) | 10·3 (6·2 to 14·7)* | −12·4 (−15·3 to −9·6)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 1014 (880 to 1127) | 1175 (1012 to 1324) | 15·8 (11·1 to 21·1)* | −3·6 (−5·3 to −2·1)* | 22 060 (18 918 to 24 709) | 24 140 (20 463 to 27 427) | 9·4 (4·3 to 15·5)* | −4·7 (−6·7 to −2·8)* | ||
| Cervical cancer | 12 (4 to 21) | 12 (4 to 21) | 0·7 (−11·2 to 15·6) | −3·6 (−11·9 to 6·2) | 355 (117 to 647) | 330 (109 to 588) | −7·1 (−21·0 to 9·4) | −8·0 (−17·8 to 3·9) | ||
| Kidney cancer | 20 (13 to 26) | 23 (15 to 31) | 16·6 (10·1 to 22·4)* | −11·1 (−14·6 to −8·1)* | 481 (326 to 625) | 531 (349 to 709) | 10·4 (3·9 to 16·1)* | −14·4 (−18·9 to −10·9)* | ||
| Bladder cancer | 44 (33 to 54) | 51 (38 to 64) | 16·8 (11·2 to 21·9)* | −6·2 (−9·0 to −3·6)* | 835 (629 to 1034) | 907 (674 to 1146) | 8·6 (3·3 to 13·7)* | −8·8 (−11·8 to −6·1)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1236 (1020 to 1455) | 1280 (1049 to 1515) | 3·5 (0·1 to 6·9)* | −8·9 (−11·1 to −6·6)* | 32 669 (26 987 to 38 407) | 33 161 (26 987 to 39 130) | 1·5 (−2·1 to 4·9) | −7·4 (−9·4 to −5·4)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 362 (301 to 420) | 352 (293 to 416) | −2·7 (−6·8 to 1·3) | −7·6 (−10·6 to −4·5)* | 7810 (6500 to 9146) | 7520 (6258 to 8897) | −3·7 (−7·8 to 0·2) | −5·4 (−8·2 to −2·6)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 609 (510 to 706) | 573 (475 to 673) | −5·9 (−10·3 to −1·1)* | −7·1 (−10·1 to −3·9)* | 16 619 (14 010 to 19 207) | 15 512 (12 884 to 18 266) | −6·7 (−10·9 to −2·2)* | −5·5 (−8·2 to −2·6)* | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 99 (77 to 122) | 114 (89 to 138) | 14·9 (8·1 to 21·6)* | −6·8 (−11·2 to −1·4)* | 2527 (1976 to 3091) | 2771 (2168 to 3364) | 9·7 (3·3 to 16·4)* | −5·9 (−9·9 to −1·3)* | ||
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 12 (8 to 15) | 14 (10 to 18) | 18·0 (13·9 to 22·2)* | −11·0 (−13·9 to −8·1)* | 537 (379 to 732) | 617 (433 to 846) | 14·9 (12·7 to 16·9)* | −8·1 (−9·5 to −6·7)* | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 22 (17 to 26) | 23 (18 to 28) | 6·3 (0·1 to 10·8)* | −12·9 (−15·0 to −10·6)* | 542 (426 to 651) | 572 (448 to 693) | 5·6 (−1·1 to 10·4) | −10·3 (−12·4 to −8·1)* | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4 (3 to 5) | 5 (4 to 6) | 15·3 (8·8 to 22·0)* | −13·4 (−17·4 to −9·5)* | 144 (99 to 199) | 167 (114 to 237) | 16·3 (12·0 to 20·6)* | −10·6 (−12·9 to −8·4)* | ||
| Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | 58 (45 to 71) | 61 (47 to 75) | 5·9 (1·2 to 10·8)* | −8·8 (−11·7 to −5·5)* | 2187 (1699 to 2688) | 2348 (1816 to 2910) | 7·4 (3·5 to 11·2)* | −6·7 (−9·2 to −4·2)* | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1355 (1010 to 1686) | 1427 (1149 to 1699) | 5·3 (−2·5 to 17·1) | 1·8 (−4·5 to 13·4) | 25 834 (20 021 to 31 596) | 26 443 (21 842 to 31 310) | 2·4 (−4·6 to 12·6) | 0·6 (−5·4 to 10·8) | ||
| Silicosis | 2 (1 to 2) | 1 (1 to 2) | −7·1 (−21·0 to 8·8) | −8·7 (−17·1 to −0·8)* | 39 (22 to 66) | 33 (18 to 56) | −15·2 (−29·6 to 1·8) | −14·6 (−24·6 to −4·8)* | ||
| Asbestosis | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 18·5 (6·9 to 30·1)* | −8·5 (−13·2 to −3·3)* | 12 (9 to 15) | 13 (9 to 17) | 7·8 (0·0 to 15·9)* | −12·6 (−16·9 to −7·8)* | ||
| Coal workers pneumoconiosis | 1 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | −18·5 (−30·4 to −5·7)* | −12·8 (−21·5 to −5·3)* | 11 (8 to 15) | 9 (6 to 13) | −17·0 (−29·5 to −2·5)* | −14·7 (−22·6 to −6·4)* | ||
| Other pneumoconiosis | 2 (1 to 2) | 2 (2 to 3) | 15·1 (4·9 to 27·8)* | −5·3 (−14·8 to 5·8) | 49 (35 to 67) | 52 (37 to 71) | 6·3 (−2·8 to 15·5) | −13·5 (−20·2 to −6·6)* | ||
| Asthma | 55 (41 to 69) | 45 (35 to 56) | −17·6 (−27·0 to −4·2)* | −8·2 (−17·3 to 2·6) | 2226 (1692 to 2804) | 2024 (1514 to 2579) | −9·0 (−15·9 to −0·7)* | −13·3 (−18·5 to −7·8)* | ||
| Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis | 12 (9 to 16) | 17 (12 to 21) | 37·2 (26·4 to 45·4)* | −9·7 (−13·2 to −5·2)* | 244 (179 to 302) | 302 (224 to 377) | 24·1 (15·2 to 31·7)* | −13·0 (−16·5 to −8·1)* | ||
| Other chronic respiratory diseases | 3 (2 to 4) | 4 (3 to 6) | 30·6 (16·5 to 49·4)* | 6·3 (−4·5 to 20·5) | 191 (140 to 248) | 211 (150 to 278) | 10·0 (0·6 to 20·1)* | 3·2 (−6·7 to 13·2) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 56 (17 to 98) | 68 (19 to 120) | 21·2 (13·4 to 27·9)* | −7·6 (−13·1 to −3·5)* | 2873 (831 to 5122) | 3402 (949 to 6090) | 18·4 (13·6 to 22·4)* | −8·5 (−11·7 to −6·1)* | ||
| Second-hand smoke: all causes | 884 (685 to 1093) | 886 (695 to 1091) | 0·2 (−3·5 to 3·9) | −4·8 (−7·4 to −2·4)* | 29 996 (22 370 to 38 043) | 25 212 (19 297 to 31 653) | −15·9 (−20·0 to −11·2)* | −13·3 (−16·5 to −9·7)* | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 238 (151 to 330) | 183 (114 to 259) | −23·0 (−27·4 to −19·0)* | −15·0 (−17·5 to −12·5)* | 15 685 (9917 to 21 832) | 10 103 (6305 to 14 390) | −35·6 (−39·9 to −31·4)* | −13·5 (−15·9 to −11·1)* | ||
| Otitis media | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −32·6 (−40·5 to −23·5)* | −11·7 (−25·4 to 2·6) | 266 (149 to 426) | 250 (138 to 406) | −5·8 (−9·4 to −3·0)* | −3·8 (−5·9 to −1·6)* | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 22 (11 to 37) | 29 (15 to 49) | 32·6 (26·5 to 37·2)* | 10·7 (6·1 to 14·9)* | 536 (282 to 928) | 691 (371 to 1189) | 29·0 (21·4 to 35·0)* | 13·5 (7·4 to 19·0)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 331 (252 to 422) | 386 (291 to 494) | 16·5 (12·1 to 20·5)* | 0·9 (−0·8 to 2·6) | 7187 (5734 to 8847) | 8066 (6409 to 9894) | 12·2 (7·9 to 16·2)* | 1·9 (−0·0 to 3·9) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 69 (51 to 90) | 72 (52 to 95) | 5·4 (−0·7 to 10·9) | −1·5 (−4·2 to 0·9) | 1229 (948 to 1561) | 1248 (947 to 1589) | 1·5 (−3·8 to 6·3) | −0·6 (−3·2 to 1·7) | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 104 (81 to 132) | 103 (80 to 132) | −0·6 (−5·2 to 4·7) | −2·5 (−5·1 to 0·1) | 2637 (2076 to 3305) | 2548 (1991 to 3201) | −3·4 (−8·2 to 2·2) | −2·1 (−4·9 to 0·9) | ||
| Alcohol and drug use: all causes | 2595 (2314 to 2866) | 2750 (2424 to 3051) | 6·0 (3·0 to 8·8)* | 3·2 (1·0 to 5·4)* | 108 717 (100 094 to 117 134) | 111 365 (102 247 to 120 352) | 2·4 (0·0 to 4·8)* | 3·4 (1·2 to 5·5)* | ||
| Alcohol use: all causes | 2228 (1943 to 2500) | 2306 (1986 to 2608) | 3·5 (0·0 to 6·8)* | 0·5 (−2·1 to 3·0) | 86 048 (78 266 to 93 716) | 84 990 (77 180 to 93 010) | −1·2 (−3·9 to 1·5) | −0·9 (−3·4 to 1·9) | ||
| Tuberculosis | 147 (117 to 187) | 126 (94 to 169) | −13·9 (−23·0 to −5·2)* | 4·7 (−3·7 to 11·1) | 5498 (4497 to 6911) | 4725 (3591 to 6198) | −14·1 (−22·4 to −6·2)* | 4·7 (−3·3 to 11·0) | ||
| Lower respiratory infections | 93 (83 to 104) | 106 (89 to 121) | 13·6 (6·7 to 20·2)* | 8·7 (2·9 to 14·5)* | 2279 (2036 to 2495) | 2355 (1995 to 2628) | 3·3 (−4·2 to 10·9) | 20·9 (11·7 to 30·3)* | ||
| Lip and oral cavity cancer | 29 (26 to 31) | 38 (33 to 41) | 31·9 (24·7 to 38·9)* | 0·5 (−4·4 to 4·5) | 820 (759 to 874) | 1046 (929 to 1134) | 27·5 (20·5 to 34·4)* | −0·3 (−4·8 to 3·6) | ||
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | 15 (11 to 16) | 18 (13 to 20) | 18·8 (7·8 to 28·3)* | 5·2 (−0·6 to 9·6) | 494 (367 to 538) | 556 (407 to 623) | 12·6 (1·9 to 22·3)* | 5·6 (0·3 to 9·9)* | ||
| Other pharyngeal cancer | 16 (14 to 17) | 20 (17 to 22) | 26·3 (18·9 to 32·8)* | 2·2 (−2·7 to 6·1) | 454 (418 to 486) | 560 (499 to 611) | 23·4 (16·3 to 29·7)* | 2·0 (−2·6 to 5·4) | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | 73 (66 to 80) | 75 (64 to 84) | 2·3 (−6·2 to 10·9) | 7·6 (0·8 to 12·9)* | 1847 (1673 to 2002) | 1826 (1579 to 2027) | −1·1 (−9·3 to 7·3) | 7·1 (0·9 to 11·9)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 27 (24 to 29) | 32 (28 to 36) | 20·8 (15·8 to 25·4)* | −1·4 (−5·2 to 1·6) | 599 (548 to 650) | 702 (626 to 771) | 17·2 (12·3 to 21·5)* | −1·0 (−4·7 to 2·0) | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | 1 (1 to 2) | 1 (1 to 1) | −26·6 (−41·4 to −8·1)* | −17·6 (−33·3 to −2·5)* | 75 (53 to 97) | 56 (38 to 76) | −24·9 (−39·5 to −7·1)* | −12·8 (−28·3 to 1·5) | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −10·0 (−26·7 to 8·8) | −14·5 (−30·3 to 2·0) | 4 (3 to 6) | 4 (2 to 5) | −12·0 (−27·8 to 5·2) | −12·2 (−27·1 to 3·5) | ||
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 195 (169 to 208) | 245 (225 to 267) | 26·1 (18·5 to 37·1)* | .. | 4787 (4075 to 5169) | 5889 (5368 to 6441) | 23·0 (14·8 to 36·1)* | .. | ||
| Liver cancer due to other causes | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −30·2 (−43·3 to −13·8)* | −20·6 (−35·7 to −5·6)* | 19 (13 to 25) | 14 (9 to 19) | −28·7 (−41·6 to −12·5)* | −15·0 (−29·8 to −0·7)* | ||
| Laryngeal cancer | 18 (16 to 19) | 20 (17 to 22) | 9·9 (3·9 to 15·2)* | −3·0 (−7·9 to 0·7) | 486 (443 to 523) | 520 (456 to 572) | 6·9 (1·6 to 11·9)* | −3·2 (−7·8 to 0·2) | ||
| Breast cancer | 27 (24 to 29) | 30 (26 to 34) | 13·8 (7·2 to 20·0)* | −6·1 (−10·7 to −1·7)* | 801 (712 to 889) | 899 (768 to 1023) | 12·3 (5·4 to 18·7)* | −6·0 (−10·8 to −1·3)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 35 (−110 to 176) | 10 (−130 to 150) | −71·4 (−400·6 to 326·2) | −85·9 (−325·6 to 241·9) | 1760 (−648 to 4072) | 1004 (−1092 to 2983) | −42·9 (−285·7 to 181·1) | −46·7 (−187·7 to 215·6) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 13 (−8 to 34) | 8 (−11 to 27) | −38·1 (−206·5 to 204·3) | −31·8 (−162·0 to 138·1) | 517 (210 to 814) | 455 (213 to 691) | −12·0 (−21·3 to 10·0) | −11·9 (−21·3 to 16·5) | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 237 (213 to 261) | 248 (214 to 280) | 4·7 (−2·1 to 11·3) | 2·8 (−3·8 to 8·0) | 5659 (5148 to 6143) | 5754 (5004 to 6385) | 1·7 (−4·8 to 7·3) | 2·7 (−3·2 to 7·1) | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 40 (29 to 51) | 51 (34 to 68) | 30·0 (9·7 to 45·7)* | 7·5 (−9·6 to 22·1) | 1023 (840 to 1211) | 1271 (970 to 1538) | 24·3 (12·0 to 33·8)* | 7·2 (−2·9 to 15·6) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 8 (6 to 9) | 10 (8 to 13) | 35·4 (26·8 to 43·1)* | 0·5 (−5·9 to 5·8) | 237 (184 to 303) | 301 (233 to 391) | 26·9 (20·6 to 32·3)* | 0·5 (−4·6 to 4·5) | ||
| Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B | 82 (69 to 95) | 87 (69 to 105) | 6·9 (−3·0 to 14·9) | −1·5 (−10·2 to 4·4) | 2456 (2076 to 2832) | 2526 (1989 to 3019) | 2·8 (−6·8 to 10·5) | −1·8 (−10·4 to 3·9) | ||
| Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C | 66 (54 to 77) | 73 (57 to 88) | 10·1 (−0·0 to 17·3) | −2·9 (−12·0 to 3·1) | 1895 (1538 to 2203) | 2017 (1542 to 2419) | 6·4 (−3·5 to 13·4) | −2·6 (−11·8 to 3·3) | ||
| Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use | 310 (289 to 333) | 348 (323 to 375) | 12·2 (8·4 to 16·7)* | .. | 10 093 (9424 to 10 841) | 10 997 (10 197 to 11 875) | 9·0 (5·0 to 13·7)* | .. | ||
| Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes | 48 (41 to 55) | 52 (42 to 61) | 7·9 (−0·5 to 14·8) | −0·7 (−8·5 to 4·5) | 1399 (1197 to 1587) | 1430 (1157 to 1681) | 2·2 (−6·1 to 8·9) | 1·1 (−7·0 to 6·7) | ||
| Pancreatitis | 16 (15 to 18) | 19 (16 to 21) | 13·3 (4·3 to 22·0)* | −4·4 (−11·1 to 1·5) | 633 (567 to 691) | 695 (600 to 778) | 9·7 (1·4 to 18·1)* | −5·1 (−11·5 to 0·5) | ||
| Epilepsy | 12 (11 to 13) | 14 (12 to 15) | 10·9 (2·9 to 19·7)* | 2·0 (−4·1 to 7·9) | 1038 (866 to 1219) | 1039 (859 to 1239) | 0·1 (−6·5 to 6·5) | −0·7 (−6·4 to 4·1) | ||
| Alcohol use disorders | 157 (147 to 163) | 138 (131 to 144) | −12·6 (−16·7 to −7·0)* | .. | 11 567 (9618 to 13 835) | 11 194 (9136 to 13 871) | −3·2 (−7·0 to 0·6) | .. | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | −58 (−63 to −53) | −64 (−70 to −58) | 10·5 (0·8 to 19·7)* | −18·4 (−25·9 to −10·3)* | −2324 (−2840 to −1866) | −2685 (−3321 to −2142) | 15·5 (10·4 to 20·0)* | −11·7 (−15·4 to −8·2)* | ||
| Pedestrian road injuries | 107 (89 to 127) | 100 (84 to 119) | −6·1 (−13·2 to −0·0)* | −0·4 (−3·1 to 2·1) | 5360 (4475 to 6380) | 4806 (4012 to 5678) | −10·3 (−16·8 to −4·6)* | 0·3 (−2·5 to 2·9) | ||
| Cyclist road injuries | 13 (10 to 15) | 11 (9 to 13) | −11·4 (−19·4 to −3·5)* | −2·4 (−5·7 to 0·7) | 701 (578 to 838) | 607 (511 to 720) | −13·4 (−19·8 to −6·7)* | −3·6 (−6·9 to −0·5)* | ||
| Motorcyclist road injuries | 77 (64 to 88) | 81 (69 to 93) | 4·3 (−5·1 to 16·4) | −0·0 (−3·3 to 3·5) | 4299 (3632 to 4895) | 4324 (3713 to 5003) | 0·6 (−7·4 to 11·6) | −0·0 (−3·2 to 3·3) | ||
| Motor vehicle road injuries | 148 (130 to 167) | 135 (120 to 152) | −8·8 (−14·7 to −2·9)* | −4·6 (−6·6 to −2·4)* | 7917 (7015 to 8956) | 7067 (6301 to 7927) | −10·7 (−15·9 to −5·6)* | −4·5 (−6·6 to −2·3)* | ||
| Falls | 42 (36 to 50) | 50 (41 to 60) | 17·8 (8·7 to 24·6)* | −1·2 (−5·0 to 2·2) | 2416 (1951 to 2968) | 2602 (2097 to 3230) | 7·7 (2·2 to 12·2)* | −3·2 (−5·9 to −0·0)* | ||
| Drowning | 27 (24 to 32) | 24 (21 to 28) | −13·2 (−17·0 to −9·1)* | 3·0 (−2·9 to 8·4) | 1225 (1057 to 1435) | 1001 (871 to 1168) | −18·3 (−22·1 to −14·4)* | 4·9 (−2·9 to 11·9) | ||
| Fire, heat, and hot substances | 14 (12 to 16) | 12 (10 to 15) | −10·1 (−16·6 to −1·9)* | −3·6 (−10·3 to 1·7) | 694 (586 to 832) | 619 (511 to 755) | −10·8 (−16·2 to −4·5)* | −3·1 (−10·2 to 2·2) | ||
| Poisonings | 9 (7 to 11) | 7 (5 to 9) | −15·8 (−21·5 to −8·5)* | −4·9 (−16·2 to 7·1) | 386 (303 to 478) | 319 (246 to 388) | −17·4 (−22·1 to −11·0)* | −7·0 (−23·3 to 11·0) | ||
| Unintentional firearm injuries | 3 (2 to 4) | 3 (2 to 3) | −8·0 (−13·1 to −2·2)* | −6·7 (−9·8 to −3·0)* | 145 (112 to 174) | 129 (99 to 154) | −10·7 (−15·7 to −5·1)* | −6·9 (−10·6 to −2·5)* | ||
| Unintentional suffocation | 1 (1 to 1) | 2 (1 to 2) | 42·5 (16·3 to 57·0)* | 27·3 (9·8 to 43·3)* | 68 (55 to 84) | 88 (68 to 108) | 28·9 (13·2 to 38·9)* | 25·8 (9·5 to 43·3)* | ||
| Other exposure to mechanical forces | 14 (11 to 17) | 15 (10 to 18) | 0·5 (−15·2 to 12·4) | −0·1 (−5·4 to 4·4) | 913 (724 to 1127) | 905 (684 to 1140) | −0·9 (−10·2 to 6·8) | −0·4 (−3·7 to 3·1) | ||
| Self-harm | 110 (95 to 129) | 111 (96 to 130) | 1·4 (−4·3 to 6·2) | 0·6 (−3·6 to 3·8) | 4649 (4032 to 5436) | 4552 (3953 to 5303) | −2·1 (−7·5 to 2·7) | 0·6 (−3·8 to 3·9) | ||
| Assault by firearm | 23 (21 to 26) | 23 (20 to 26) | −0·6 (−4·2 to 4·2) | −5·3 (−6·9 to −3·6)* | 1313 (1158 to 1481) | 1285 (1128 to 1459) | −2·2 (−5·7 to 2·5) | −5·1 (−6·7 to −3·3)* | ||
| Assault by sharp object | 16 (14 to 18) | 12 (11 to 14) | −19·7 (−24·0 to −14·5)* | −5·3 (−8·0 to −2·8)* | 840 (744 to 968) | 668 (590 to 769) | −20·5 (−24·7 to −15·2)* | −4·7 (−7·5 to −2·2)* | ||
| Assault by other means | 18 (16 to 22) | 16 (14 to 19) | −13·9 (−18·4 to −7·3)* | −6·2 (−9·0 to −3·1)* | 1007 (880 to 1181) | 868 (745 to 1022) | −13·7 (−18·2 to −7·0)* | −5·0 (−7·9 to −1·8)* | ||
| Drug use: all causes | 407 (364 to 448) | 489 (439 to 537) | 20·2 (15·9 to 25·0)* | 19·2 (15·2 to 24·2)* | 24 036 (21 317 to 26 732) | 27 831 (24 437 to 31 171) | 15·8 (12·6 to 18·8)* | 19·5 (16·1 to 23·0)* | ||
| HIV/AIDS—tuberculosis | 11 (9 to 14) | 8 (7 to 10) | −25·7 (−33·4 to −15·9)* | 22·1 (10·1 to 36·9)* | 567 (465 to 698) | 413 (333 to 513) | −27·1 (−33·9 to −18·2)* | 19·4 (8·2 to 33·6)* | ||
| HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases | 53 (46 to 65) | 52 (44 to 63) | −3·6 (−12·0 to 7·2) | 39·5 (28·9 to 51·1)* | 2746 (2380 to 3317) | 2594 (2216 to 3176) | −5·6 (−13·6 to 4·0) | 34·4 (25·3 to 44·9)* | ||
| Hepatitis B | 1 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | −27·7 (−35·2 to −18·4)* | −21·3 (−29·3 to −10·3)* | 18 (8 to 30) | 13 (6 to 21) | −28·0 (−35·8 to −18·8)* | −22·3 (−30·6 to −12·2)* | ||
| Hepatitis C | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 2) | −12·0 (−30·1 to 11·0) | −1·4 (−13·0 to 11·5) | 37 (9 to 83) | 33 (8 to 72) | −12·3 (−30·1 to 10·0) | −3·8 (−14·3 to 7·5) | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | 3 (1 to 5) | 4 (2 to 6) | 15·2 (1·3 to 38·4)* | 15·3 (4·8 to 30·9)* | 104 (43 to 171) | 110 (49 to 179) | 6·2 (−7·1 to 29·1) | 11·7 (1·8 to 26·0)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | 53 (38 to 68) | 74 (57 to 91) | 39·0 (28·8 to 54·2)* | 16·6 (8·5 to 29·2)* | 1316 (998 to 1627) | 1678 (1329 to 2012) | 27·5 (18·2 to 41·4)* | 12·7 (5·5 to 24·1)* | ||
| Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B | 3 (1 to 5) | 3 (1 to 5) | 20·9 (10·3 to 35·7)* | 12·6 (3·0 to 26·4)* | 90 (38 to 149) | 101 (43 to 162) | 12·1 (2·3 to 24·9)* | 8·1 (−1·3 to 20·6) | ||
| Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C | 124 (98 to 147) | 147 (118 to 175) | 19·0 (12·9 to 27·0)* | 7·0 (2·2 to 14·1)* | 4064 (3321 to 4750) | 4556 (3727 to 5374) | 12·1 (6·4 to 19·0)* | 4·3 (0·2 to 10·2)* | ||
| Opioid use disorders | 94 (91 to 100) | 122 (110 to 130) | 29·6 (18·2 to 37·2)* | .. | 9864 (8127 to 11 517) | 12 068 (9878 to 14 145) | 22·3 (17·5 to 26·1)* | .. | ||
| Cocaine use disorders | 7 (5 to 8) | 11 (9 to 12) | 49·7 (33·6 to 75·4)* | .. | 729 (558 to 902) | 999 (773 to 1234) | 37·0 (29·2 to 47·0)* | .. | ||
| Amphetamine use disorders | 7 (4 to 8) | 12 (8 to 14) | 67·5 (25·6 to 118·9)* | .. | 1001 (706 to 1348) | 1403 (1025 to 1847) | 40·1 (26·1 to 55·2)* | .. | ||
| Cannabis use disorders | .. | .. | .. | .. | 548 (352 to 781) | 577 (372 to 818) | 5·3 (3·7 to 7·1)* | .. | ||
| Other drug use disorders | 20 (19 to 23) | 25 (23 to 27) | 23·0 (12·7 to 32·1)* | .. | 1529 (1245 to 1861) | 1862 (1502 to 2274) | 21·8 (15·7 to 27·5)* | .. | ||
| Self-harm | 28 (19 to 41) | 29 (20 to 41) | 2·6 (−3·0 to 8·9) | 5·6 (1·3 to 10·0)* | 1423 (951 to 2030) | 1425 (955 to 2037) | 0·1 (−5·4 to 6·3) | 5·8 (1·4 to 10·3)* | ||
| Dietary risks: all causes | 10 738 (9473 to 12 010) | 12 058 (10 615 to 13 538) | 12·3 (10·0 to 14·5)* | 2·4 (1·1 to 3·6)* | 242 781 (217 378 to 269 659) | 264411 (236 098 to 294 989) | 8·9 (6·3 to 11·3)* | 2·1 (0·0 to 4·1)* | ||
| Diet low in fruits: all causes | 2713 (1806 to 3703) | 2924 (1905 to 4018) | 7·8 (4·3 to 10·9)* | −0·6 (−3·1 to 1·5) | 68 838 (46 616 to 92 835) | 72 590 (48 514 to 98 667) | 5·5 (1·7 to 8·6)* | −0·3 (−3·4 to 2·5) | ||
| Lip and oral cavity cancer | 8 (0 to 17) | 10 (0 to 22) | 32·7 (0·0 to 37·5)* | 0·1 (−0·6 to 0·7) | 208 (0 to 451) | 266 (0 to 583) | 28·1 (0·0 to 33·1)* | −0·1 (−0·8 to 0·5) | ||
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | 4 (0 to 9) | 5 (0 to 10) | 11·3 (0·0 to 18·2)* | −1·7 (−2·7 to 0·0) | 132 (0 to 281) | 138 (0 to 293) | 4·5 (−3·7 to 11·1) | −2·1 (−3·3 to 0·0) | ||
| Other pharyngeal cancer | 4 (0 to 8) | 4 (0 to 10) | 23·4 (0·0 to 29·4)* | −0·6 (−1·4 to 0·1) | 99 (0 to 221) | 119 (0 to 266) | 20·2 (0·0 to 26·2)* | −0·6 (−1·4 to 0·1) | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | 106 (26 to 187) | 99 (24 to 174) | −6·4 (−11·3 to −0·8)* | −2·0 (−3·2 to −1·2)* | 2466 (618 to 4362) | 2221 (542 to 3911) | −9·9 (−15·1 to −4·0)* | −2·5 (−3·9 to −1·6)* | ||
| Laryngeal cancer | 7 (0 to 15) | 7 (0 to 17) | 13·4 (0·0 to 17·4)* | −0·3 (−1·0 to 0·2) | 168 (0 to 374) | 184 (0 to 413) | 9·8 (0·0 to 13·8)* | −0·5 (−1·3 to 0·1) | ||
| Tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer | 172 (70 to 291) | 207 (84 to 351) | 20·1 (16·5 to 24·4)* | 0·1 (−0·5 to 0·7) | 3858 (1577 to 6495) | 4391 (1780 to 7445) | 13·8 (9·9 to 18·7)* | −0·5 (−1·3 to 0·1) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 947 (340 to 1585) | 1086 (388 to 1818) | 14·7 (12·1 to 17·0)* | −0·3 (−0·9 to 0·3) | 21 685 (7921 to 35 741) | 23 777 (8598 to 39 451) | 9·6 (6·3 to 12·4)* | −0·0 (−0·8 to 0·6) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 509 (271 to 776) | 521 (274 to 805) | 2·3 (−1·1 to 5·2) | −2·4 (−3·6 to −1·5)* | 10 961 (5937 to 16 258) | 11 001 (5940 to 16 513) | 0·4 (−3·1 to 3·5) | −0·7 (−1·8 to 0·1) | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 838 (465 to 1239) | 831 (458 to 1241) | −0·9 (−4·5 to 2·9) | −1·7 (−2·8 to −0·8)* | 22 973 (13 194 to 33 252) | 22 476 (12 752 to 32 682) | −2·2 (−5·8 to 1·5) | −0·4 (−1·4 to 0·3) | ||
| Diet low in vegetables: all causes | 1842 (943 to 2869) | 1994 (1024 to 3121) | 8·2 (4·5 to 11·2)* | −1·1 (−3·7 to 0·7) | 42 617 (22 635 to 65 749) | 44 632 (23 572 to 68 817) | 4·7 (1·5 to 7·9)* | −1·3 (−4·2 to 1·3) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1261 (489 to 2099) | 1418 (548 to 2363) | 12·5 (10·3 to 14·7)* | −2·8 (−3·7 to −2·1)* | 27 791 (11 029 to 45 849) | 30 048 (11 828 to 49 331) | 8·1 (5·2 to 10·9)* | −1·9 (−2·8 to −1·1)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 226 (51 to 412) | 224 (51 to 412) | −0·8 (−3·8 to 2·0) | −5·7 (−7·1 to −4·4)* | 4869 (1120 to 8768) | 4762 (1097 to 8586) | −2·2 (−5·8 to 0·9) | −3·4 (−4·8 to −2·1)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 355 (99 to 666) | 352 (99 to 653) | −1·0 (−4·1 to 2·5) | −1·9 (−3·4 to −0·4)* | 9957 (2799 to 18 328) | 9823 (2800 to 18 053) | −1·3 (−4·6 to 2·3) | 0·6 (−0·8 to 2·2) | ||
| Diet low in whole grains: all causes | 2879 (2056 to 3818) | 3142 (2215 to 4189) | 9·1 (6·3 to 11·8)* | 0·4 (−1·5 to 2·0) | 74 523 (54 213 to 96 519) | 79 813 (57 571 to 104 238) | 7·1 (3·7 to 9·8)* | 1·3 (−1·3 to 3·5) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1497 (888 to 2168) | 1713 (1013 to 2481) | 14·4 (12·0 to 16·6)* | −0·6 (−1·2 to −0·2)* | 33 870 (20 349 to 48 312) | 36 933 (21 938 to 53 267) | 9·0 (5·7 to 11·6)* | −0·7 (−1·4 to −0·2)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 459 (311 to 620) | 463 (311 to 631) | 0·9 (−2·5 to 3·8) | −3·6 (−4·9 to −2·6)* | 10 195 (6993 to 13 536) | 10 143 (6849 to 13 505) | −0·5 (−4·0 to 2·7) | −1·5 (−2·6 to −0·6)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 729 (515 to 982) | 716 (497 to 962) | −1·8 (−5·4 to 2·2) | −2·6 (−3·7 to −1·6)* | 20 024 (14 326 to 26 601) | 19 443 (13 708 to 25 849) | −2·9 (−6·5 to 0·9) | −1·1 (−2·1 to −0·4)* | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 195 (105 to 301) | 250 (135 to 387) | 28·5 (23·6 to 33·3)* | −1·5 (−2·4 to −0·7)* | 10 434 (5659 to 16 438) | 13 295 (7183 to 21 043) | 27·4 (24·4 to 30·3)* | −0·8 (−1·4 to −0·3)* | ||
| Diet low in nuts and seeds: all causes | 1830 (1160 to 2583) | 2131 (1354 to 3011) | 16·4 (14·2 to 18·6)* | 6·0 (4·5 to 7·5)* | 43 725 (29 136 to 60 125) | 49 411 (32 716 to 68 196) | 13·0 (9·8 to 15·9)* | 6·5 (3·9 to 9·0)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1706 (1062 to 2438) | 1970 (1226 to 2810) | 15·5 (13·2 to 17·6)* | −0·0 (−0·4 to 0·3) | 37 340 (23 613 to 52 283) | 41 199 (26 175 to 57 706) | 10·3 (7·3 to 12·9)* | 0·3 (−0·2 to 0·8) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 123 (64 to 193) | 160 (83 to 253) | 29·9 (25·2 to 34·6)* | −0·5 (−1·1 to 0·1) | 6384 (3038 to 10 211) | 8212 (3923 to 13 200) | 28·6 (25·6 to 31·5)* | 0·1 (−0·2 to 0·5) | ||
| Diet low in milk: all causes | 101 (35 to 171) | 126 (44 to 212) | 24·7 (22·0 to 27·7)* | 13·8 (11·6 to 15·9)* | 2177 (750 to 3688) | 2603 (897 to 4382) | 19·6 (16·8 to 22·6)* | 11·9 (9·3 to 14·7)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 101 (35 to 171) | 126 (44 to 212) | 24·7 (22·0 to 27·7)* | 1·3 (0·9 to 1·8)* | 2177 (750 to 3688) | 2603 (897 to 4382) | 19·6 (16·8 to 22·6)* | 1·1 (0·7 to 1·6)* | ||
| Diet high in red meat: all causes | 37 (16 to 60) | 43 (19 to 69) | 14·8 (11·8 to 18·0)* | 5·8 (3·4 to 8·3)* | 1476 (549 to 2473) | 1752 (638 to 2957) | 18·7 (14·8 to 21·7)* | 12·2 (8·2 to 15·1)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 20 (4 to 36) | 24 (5 to 42) | 17·1 (13·8 to 20·2)* | −4·5 (−6·2 to −2·7)* | 442 (93 to 778) | 504 (108 to 904) | 14·2 (10·8 to 17·5)* | −3·8 (−5·5 to −1·9)* | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 (2 to 31) | 19 (2 to 35) | 12·2 (9·0 to 15·2)* | −14·1 (−16·5 to −11·7)* | 1034 (120 to 1958) | 1247 (146 to 2359) | 20·6 (17·2 to 23·5)* | −6·4 (−8·4 to −4·5)* | ||
| Diet high in processed meat: all causes | 476 (132 to 809) | 541 (156 to 914) | 13·8 (11·1 to 21·8)* | 3·7 (1·4 to 11·6)* | 13 088 (5240 to 20 672) | 14 907 (6450 to 23 452) | 13·9 (9·3 to 24·4)* | 7·2 (3·2 to 18·2)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 31 (17 to 46) | 37 (20 to 56) | 20·7 (17·6 to 23·6)* | −2·5 (−3·8 to −1·3)* | 644 (350 to 964) | 745 (399 to 1123) | 15·8 (12·8 to 18·7)* | −2·7 (−4·0 to −1·4)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 363 (16 to 680) | 402 (17 to 759) | 10·7 (7·5 to 12·8)* | −4·0 (−5·3 to −2·7)* | 7931 (340 to 14 939) | 8401 (357 to 15 858) | 5·9 (1·8 to 8·5)* | −3·9 (−5·5 to −2·1)* | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 82 (40 to 122) | 102 (50 to 153) | 24·8 (20·5 to 29·1)* | −4·9 (−6·5 to −3·5)* | 4513 (2121 to 7031) | 5761 (2708 to 8961) | 27·6 (24·3 to 30·7)* | −0·9 (−2·1 to 0·3) | ||
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages: all causes | 34 (23 to 47) | 39 (27 to 55) | 15·3 (12·5 to 18·0)* | 7·3 (5·1 to 9·2)* | 1234 (852 to 1748) | 1449 (1004 to 2059) | 17·4 (14·3 to 20·3)* | 12·3 (9·9 to 14·7)* | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 16·0 (9·5 to 21·3)* | 21·7 (13·7 to 28·3)* | 13 (4 to 24) | 15 (4 to 27) | 13·0 (6·3 to 18·6)* | 22·7 (14·8 to 29·5)* | ||
| Colon and rectum cancer | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 19·9 (16·4 to 23·5)* | −1·8 (−4·4 to 0·7) | 14 (9 to 21) | 17 (11 to 24) | 17·8 (14·1 to 21·3)* | −0·1 (−3·0 to 2·8) | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 21·7 (13·0 to 30·4)* | 21·8 (12·2 to 30·7)* | 5 (2 to 9) | 6 (3 to 10) | 17·7 (8·5 to 27·3)* | 24·4 (13·5 to 33·8)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 28·9 (23·8 to 33·9)* | 6·7 (3·1 to 10·5)* | 4 (2 to 6) | 5 (2 to 8) | 25·3 (19·8 to 31·0)* | 9·2 (4·9 to 13·7)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 30·5 (24·2 to 36·6)* | 3·5 (−4·2 to 9·1) | 5 (2 to 9) | 7 (3 to 12) | 28·1 (21·0 to 35·2)* | 4·2 (−4·7 to 10·6) | ||
| Liver cancer due to other causes | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 26·6 (19·3 to 33·4)* | 25·0 (16·3 to 33·2)* | 3 (1 to 5) | 3 (2 to 5) | 21·3 (13·4 to 28·3)* | 28·3 (18·4 to 37·2)* | ||
| Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 8·2 (−0·3 to 14·6) | −3·4 (−7·5 to −0·3)* | 4 (2 to 6) | 4 (2 to 6) | 4·9 (−2·7 to 11·0) | −1·5 (−6·1 to 2·0) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 25·2 (22·0 to 28·8)* | −3·7 (−6·1 to −1·5)* | 4 (2 to 8) | 5 (2 to 10) | 22·0 (18·7 to 25·9)* | −3·0 (−5·4 to −0·4)* | ||
| Breast cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 25·6 (18·1 to 33·7)* | 2·1 (−2·2 to 7·3) | 8 (5 to 11) | 10 (6 to 14) | 26·6 (17·5 to 36·1)* | 3·5 (−1·6 to 9·1) | ||
| Uterine cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 18·5 (11·9 to 25·7)* | 7·7 (3·6 to 11·9)* | 6 (4 to 9) | 8 (5 to 11) | 19·1 (11·7 to 26·8)* | 10·5 (5·7 to 15·3)* | ||
| Ovarian cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 18·5 (0·0 to 22·9)* | −1·3 (−4·0 to 1·4) | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 3) | 17·9 (0·0 to 22·7)* | −0·4 (−3·4 to 2·5) | ||
| Kidney cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 25·6 (21·4 to 29·9)* | −4·1 (−6·6 to −1·7)* | 6 (4 to 9) | 7 (5 to 11) | 23·2 (18·9 to 27·5)* | −3·9 (−7·4 to −0·5)* | ||
| Thyroid cancer | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 25·9 (20·9 to 30·9)* | 1·7 (−2·4 to 7·3) | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (1 to 2) | 46·0 (35·5 to 55·2)* | 12·7 (5·5 to 20·1)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 12 (8 to 17) | 13 (9 to 18) | 8·4 (5·6 to 11·0)* | −4·4 (−6·4 to −2·5)* | 326 (224 to 462) | 348 (236 to 494) | 6·7 (3·8 to 9·3)* | −1·9 (−4·1 to 0·2) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 3) | 2·7 (−1·5 to 6·7) | −1·1 (−4·0 to 1·9) | 53 (37 to 75) | 55 (39 to 78) | 3·8 (0·3 to 7·2)* | 3·5 (0·8 to 6·5)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 5 (4 to 8) | 6 (4 to 8) | 7·5 (3·2 to 11·7)* | 9·0 (5·1 to 12·2)* | 186 (130 to 263) | 198 (137 to 280) | 6·6 (2·3 to 10·8)* | 10·9 (7·3 to 14·2)* | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 2 (1 to 3) | 3 (2 to 4) | 20·9 (14·5 to 26·9)* | −2·4 (−6·8 to 3·2) | 59 (39 to 86) | 68 (45 to 100) | 16·0 (10·8 to 21·0)* | 0·2 (−3·6 to 4·5) | ||
| Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Endocarditis | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 (4 to 8) | 7 (5 to 11) | 23·2 (19·3 to 27·0)* | −5·1 (−7·7 to −2·3)* | 378 (248 to 559) | 488 (315 to 731) | 28·9 (25·3 to 32·3)* | 0·9 (−1·4 to 3·1) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 1 (1 to 2) | 2 (1 to 4) | 51·5 (44·8 to 58·8)* | 8·7 (5·0 to 12·2)* | 43 (19 to 75) | 62 (28 to 107) | 43·8 (37·8 to 51·5)* | 8·5 (5·3 to 11·7)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 1 (1 to 2) | 2 (1 to 3) | 28·4 (19·6 to 38·6)* | −4·5 (−8·4 to −0·5)* | 33 (15 to 58) | 42 (19 to 73) | 24·7 (19·9 to 30·8)* | −1·4 (−4·9 to 1·8) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 1) | 27·5 (18·3 to 38·1)* | 7·3 (2·5 to 12·1)* | 12 (4 to 24) | 15 (5 to 29) | 24·6 (19·7 to 33·5)* | 12·8 (8·9 to 16·9)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 36·1 (21·8 to 49·1)* | 5·6 (−0·1 to 11·3) | 8 (3 to 15) | 10 (4 to 18) | 28·3 (22·9 to 36·4)* | 5·0 (2·0 to 8·0)* | ||
| Diet low in fibre: all causes | 334 (158 to 578) | 387 (183 to 670) | 15·8 (12·4 to 19·6)* | 4·3 (1·6 to 7·1)* | 7666 (3534 to 13 299) | 8393 (3908 to 14 657) | 9·5 (5·6 to 13·8)* | 3·6 (0·1 to 7·1)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 38 (17 to 66) | 47 (21 to 83) | 24·4 (20·6 to 28·9)* | −0·5 (−2·8 to 2·1) | 741 (327 to 1318) | 870 (385 to 1545) | 17·4 (13·5 to 21·5)* | −1·4 (−4·1 to 1·4) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 297 (136 to 531) | 340 (156 to 610) | 14·7 (11·5 to 18·5)* | −1·6 (−4·0 to 0·7) | 6925 (3137 to 12 333) | 7523 (3410 to 13 333) | 8·6 (4·7 to 12·9)* | −0·5 (−3·3 to 2·2) | ||
| Diet low in calcium: all causes | 127 (74 to 185) | 160 (95 to 232) | 26·1 (23·3 to 29·7)* | 14·9 (12·4 to 17·6)* | 2721 (1608 to 3966) | 3284 (1966 to 4755) | 20·7 (17·6 to 24·3)* | 13·0 (10·1 to 16·2)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 127 (74 to 185) | 160 (95 to 232) | 26·1 (23·3 to 29·7)* | 2·3 (1·3 to 3·9)* | 2721 (1608 to 3966) | 3284 (1966 to 4755) | 20·7 (17·6 to 24·3)* | 2·0 (1·0 to 3·5)* | ||
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids: all causes | 1279 (537 to 2079) | 1472 (616 to 2378) | 15·0 (12·5 to 17·5)* | 5·3 (3·7 to 6·8)* | 28 350 (11 995 to 45 414) | 31 310 (13 272 to 49 823) | 10·4 (7·2 to 13·3)* | 4·1 (1·2 to 6·8)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1279 (537 to 2079) | 1472 (616 to 2378) | 15·0 (12·5 to 17·5)* | 0·3 (−0·3 to 0·9) | 28 350 (11 995 to 45 414) | 31 310 (13 272 to 49 823) | 10·4 (7·2 to 13·3)* | 0·6 (−0·1 to 1·4) | ||
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids: all causes | 348 (145 to 548) | 388 (158 to 610) | 11·5 (3·6 to 20·8)* | 1·2 (−6·1 to 10·3) | 7535 (3243 to 11 727) | 8270 (3534 to 12 996) | 9·7 (2·0 to 18·7)* | 2·9 (−4·4 to 11·3) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 348 (145 to 548) | 388 (158 to 610) | 11·5 (3·6 to 20·8)* | −3·6 (−10·5 to 4·7) | 7535 (3243 to 11 727) | 8270 (3534 to 12 996) | 9·7 (2·0 to 18·7)* | −0·6 (−7·3 to 6·7) | ||
| Diet high in trans fatty acids: all causes | 384 (158 to 713) | 448 (190 to 827) | 16·7 (13·1 to 22·8)* | 7·8 (4·8 to 13·4)* | 10 121 (4348 to 18 081) | 11 578 (5138 to 20 322) | 14·4 (9·9 to 21·4)* | 8·9 (4·6 to 15·6)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 384 (158 to 713) | 448 (190 to 827) | 16·7 (13·1 to 22·8)* | 2·7 (0·4 to 7·6)* | 10 121 (4348 to 18 081) | 11 578 (5138 to 20 322) | 14·4 (9·9 to 21·4)* | 5·2 (2·4 to 11·0)* | ||
| Diet high in sodium: all causes | 3668 (2145 to 5680) | 4130 (2446 to 6419) | 12·6 (8·3 to 16·9)* | 2·8 (−0·1 to 6·3) | 77 456 (45 739 to 118 672) | 83 008 (49 326 to 127 452) | 7·2 (2·7 to 11·3)* | 0·2 (−3·4 to 3·8) | ||
| Stomach cancer | 413 (271 to 567) | 397 (246 to 553) | −3·9 (−11·9 to 3·0) | −2·9 (−7·7 to 0·6) | 9470 (6286 to 12 765) | 8540 (5502 to 11 691) | −9·8 (−17·2 to −3·7)* | −3·4 (−7·8 to −0·4)* | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 30 (14 to 53) | 28 (13 to 51) | −7·6 (−15·4 to −1·3)* | −4·9 (−11·3 to −0·1)* | 873 (420 to 1603) | 772 (359 to 1428) | −11·6 (−19·0 to −6·1)* | −6·6 (−13·1 to −2·1)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1348 (682 to 2306) | 1632 (852 to 2754) | 21·1 (16·7 to 27·8)* | 4·7 (2·0 to 9·7)* | 26 945 (13 814 to 45 258) | 31 088 (16 524 to 51 139) | 15·4 (11·2 to 21·3)* | 3·8 (1·6 to 8·1)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 513 (278 to 848) | 562 (308 to 916) | 9·5 (3·7 to 17·1)* | 3·4 (0·1 to 9·1)* | 9239 (5141 to 14731) | 9756 (5537 to 15 527) | 5·6 (0·6 to 11·8)* | 3·6 (0·6 to 8·6)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 876 (516 to 1340) | 875 (514 to 1347) | −0·0 (−6·1 to 6·0) | −2·7 (−7·0 to 1·4) | 19 630 (11 721 to 29 698) | 19 052 (11 138 to 28 916) | −2·9 (−9·2 to 2·6) | −3·1 (−7·5 to 0·8) | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 246 (88 to 484) | 325 (116 to 634) | 32·2 (18·7 to 45·3)* | 4·3 (−0·6 to 11·9) | 4756 (2134 to 8876) | 5810 (2603 to 10 709) | 22·2 (13·2 to 30·9)* | 2·8 (−0·5 to 8·4) | ||
| Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis | 28 (12 to 51) | 31 (14 to 57) | 12·0 (5·8 to 20·4)* | 3·5 (0·3 to 9·3)* | 737 (312 to 1377) | 764 (342 to 1396) | 3·6 (−2·0 to 11·1) | 4·3 (0·9 to 10·6)* | ||
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 14 (6 to 25) | 19 (9 to 35) | 39·1 (34·0 to 46·2)* | 4·0 (1·6 to 9·2)* | 449 (221 to 790) | 592 (297 to 1033) | 31·9 (28·8 to 37·4)* | 4·8 (2·6 to 9·3)* | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 13 (6 to 24) | 16 (8 to 30) | 25·9 (19·0 to 32·8)* | 2·5 (0·3 to 6·2)* | 262 (124 to 460) | 319 (153 to 559) | 21·8 (14·4 to 28·2)* | 2·5 (0·4 to 5·9)* | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2 (1 to 4) | 3 (1 to 6) | 38·4 (30·2 to 49·6)* | 2·9 (−0·4 to 10·0) | 70 (28 to 140) | 97 (40 to 192) | 37·7 (32·4 to 45·6)* | 6·4 (3·3 to 12·7)* | ||
| Endocarditis | 6 (2 to 10) | 7 (3 to 13) | 28·6 (22·6 to 35·9)* | 3·4 (0·3 to 8·1)* | 133 (59 to 248) | 163 (73 to 299) | 22·6 (15·9 to 29·9)* | 3·2 (−0·8 to 7·7) | ||
| Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | 50 (25 to 85) | 59 (29 to 100) | 18·1 (11·9 to 24·4)* | 0·4 (−3·1 to 5·0) | 1584 (804 to 2703) | 1920 (993 to 3246) | 21·3 (16·3 to 27·4)* | 3·7 (1·0 to 8·2)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 41 (18 to 74) | 57 (25 to 103) | 39·3 (33·0 to 44·8)* | −0·6 (−3·6 to 2·0) | 1048 (467 to 1909) | 1391 (635 to 2500) | 32·7 (27·2 to 37·9)* | 0·2 (−2·6 to 3·1) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 52 (22 to 99) | 75 (32 to 139) | 42·1 (36·0 to 49·9)* | 4·4 (1·8 to 9·1)* | 1107 (479 to 2079) | 1467 (639 to 2717) | 32·5 (27·3 to 38·8)* | 4·1 (1·5 to 8·6)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 35 (18 to 57) | 40 (21 to 67) | 15·1 (6·5 to 22·8)* | −2·9 (−8·9 to 2·1) | 918 (471 to 1516) | 971 (496 to 1648) | 5·8 (−2·3 to 13·0) | −4·6 (−11·2 to 0·3) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 2 (1 to 4) | 3 (1 to 6) | 43·8 (34·1 to 54·4)* | 7·5 (3·0 to 12·7)* | 236 (98 to 449) | 306 (131 to 576) | 29·9 (26·2 to 34·6)* | 4·8 (2·6 to 8·4)* | ||
| Sexual abuse and violence: all causes | 338 (244 to 444) | 281 (199 to 378) | −16·9 (−23·6 to −9·4)* | −15·2 (−21·9 to −8·3)* | 22 527 (17 002 to 28 715) | 20 801 (15 633 to 26 810) | −7·7 (−14·0 to −1·5)* | −4·0 (−9·8 to 2·2) | ||
| Childhood sexual abuse: all causes | 118 (34 to 229) | 113 (31 to 221) | −4·9 (−11·8 to 1·1) | −3·1 (−10·2 to 2·6) | 8200 (3468 to 14 180) | 8107 (3472 to 14 062) | −1·1 (−8·5 to 5·8) | 3·7 (−3·3 to 10·6) | ||
| Alcohol use disorders | 7 (0 to 16) | 6 (0 to 13) | −22·0 (−26·6 to 0·0) | −10·1 (−12·5 to 0·0) | 568 (0 to 1299) | 512 (0 to 1183) | −9·9 (−14·6 to 0·0) | −6·3 (−8·3 to 0·0) | ||
| Major depressive disorder | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2062 (231 to 4518) | 2321 (257 to 5097) | 12·5 (10·7 to 14·0)* | −3·7 (−5·0 to −2·6)* | ||
| Dysthymia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 426 (46 to 943) | 484 (53 to 1074) | 13·8 (11·3 to 15·9)* | −4·1 (−5·4 to −2·8)* | ||
| Self-harm | 111 (27 to 222) | 107 (27 to 213) | −3·8 (−10·5 to 2·1) | −2·5 (−4·5 to −0·7)* | 5145 (1265 to 10 175) | 4791 (1194 to 9542) | −6·9 (−13·6 to −0·9)* | −1·8 (−3·8 to 0·0) | ||
| Intimate partner violence: all causes | 237 (180 to 293) | 186 (148 to 224) | −21·8 (−28·1 to −12·9)* | −20·1 (−26·5 to −11·9)* | 15 431 (12 234 to 19 068) | 13 803 (11 078 to 16 954) | −10·5 (−17·8 to −2·8)* | −7·4 (−14·0 to 0·1) | ||
| HIV/AIDS—tuberculosis | 20 (11 to 31) | 10 (5 to 16) | −49·0 (−52·8 to −44·1)* | −18·0 (−23·3 to −13·0)* | 937 (490 to 1432) | 496 (251 to 775) | −47·1 (−50·6 to −42·5)* | −15·3 (−20·0 to −10·5)* | ||
| HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases | 86 (45 to 128) | 49 (25 to 72) | −43·5 (−47·8 to −38·9)* | −18·7 (−23·9 to −13·3)* | 4301 (2252 to 6424) | 2520 (1287 to 3716) | −41·4 (−45·9 to −36·8)* | −17·4 (−22·4 to −12·0)* | ||
| Maternal abortion, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −22·8 (−36·5 to −5·4)* | 0·2 (−11·4 to 12·9) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −23·2 (−36·6 to −6·0)* | 0·1 (−10·5 to 13·3) | ||
| Major depressive disorder | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3562 (2279 to 5110) | 4405 (2825 to 6361) | 23·7 (21·3 to 26·0)* | 2·8 (1·1 to 4·6)* | ||
| Dysthymia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 775 (496 to 1148) | 980 (623 to 1438) | 26·4 (23·3 to 29·8)* | 4·0 (2·3 to 6·0)* | ||
| Self-harm | 104 (72 to 126) | 103 (74 to 126) | −1·1 (−11·1 to 13·2) | −2·2 (−9·6 to 6·6) | 4367 (2950 to 5417) | 4107 (2944 to 5117) | −5·9 (−16·3 to 9·1) | −3·1 (−10·7 to 6·9) | ||
| Assault by firearm | 6 (5 to 7) | 6 (5 to 7) | 2·2 (−5·9 to 13·8) | −4·8 (−12·2 to 4·9) | 315 (252 to 356) | 312 (256 to 366) | −1·0 (−9·4 to 11·1) | −4·7 (−12·7 to 5·8) | ||
| Assault by sharp object | 7 (6 to 7) | 5 (5 to 6) | −18·4 (−25·1 to −10·6)* | −4·8 (−12·0 to 2·4) | 340 (305 to 379) | 269 (238 to 302) | −21·0 (−28·1 to −12·6)* | −5·5 (−13·2 to 2·3) | ||
| Assault by other means | 14 (13 to 15) | 12 (11 to 14) | −12·3 (−19·6 to −4·2)* | −3·8 (−10·7 to 3·3) | 835 (760 to 913) | 715 (624 to 805) | −14·3 (−21·5 to −6·0)* | −4·6 (−11·4 to 2·7) | ||
| Unsafe sex: all causes | 2051 (1957 to 2156) | 1452 (1381 to 1541) | −29·2 (−31·6 to −26·1)* | −26·2 (−28·9 to −23·1)* | 112 703 (106 333 to 120 086) | 79 451 (74 248 to 85 532) | −29·5 (−32·0 to −26·8)* | −24·7 (−27·4 to −21·8)* | ||
| HIV/AIDS—tuberculosis | 334 (267 to 379) | 199 (152 to 231) | −40·3 (−44·9 to −34·8)* | −0·8 (−1·4 to −0·4)* | 18 403 (14 762 to 20 870) | 10 990 (8439 to 12 703) | −40·3 (−44·7 to −34·7)* | −0·7 (−1·1 to −0·3)* | ||
| HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases | 1356 (1271 to 1455) | 906 (844 to 981) | −33·2 (−36·6 to −29·1)* | −1·8 (−2·5 to −1·4)* | 75 102 (70 586 to 80 394) | 51 167 (47 789 to 55 057) | −31·9 (−35·1 to −28·3)* | −1·5 (−2·1 to −1·1)* | ||
| Syphilis | 134 (80 to 206) | 107 (63 to 165) | −20·3 (−28·5 to −12·4)* | .. | 11 190 (6607 to 17 281) | 8957 (5273 to 13 970) | −20·0 (−28·4 to −11·8)* | .. | ||
| Chlamydial infection | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −5·3 (−17·0 to 10·6) | .. | 337 (194 to 538) | 370 (214 to 595) | 9·7 (6·5 to 13·0)* | .. | ||
| Gonococcal infection | 1 (1 to 1) | 1 (1 to 1) | −15·7 (−26·7 to −4·7)* | .. | 383 (239 to 573) | 470 (283 to 717) | 22·7 (15·9 to 28·1)* | .. | ||
| Trichomoniasis | .. | .. | .. | .. | 167 (67 to 355) | 194 (78 to 412) | 16·1 (15·0 to 17·2)* | .. | ||
| Genital herpes | .. | .. | .. | .. | 198 (61 to 468) | 236 (74 to 556) | 19·5 (17·4 to 23·0)* | .. | ||
| Other sexually transmitted diseases | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | −16·8 (−27·6 to −6·1)* | .. | 103 (75 to 139) | 104 (74 to 141) | 0·3 (−3·1 to 3·2) | .. | ||
| Cervical cancer | 225 (214 to 238) | 239 (225 to 252) | 5·8 (−0·5 to 13·8) | .. | 6819 (6393 to 7236) | 6963 (6526 to 7408) | 2·1 (−4·5 to 10·5) | .. | ||
| Low physical activity: all causes | 1351 (1047 to 1661) | 1605 (1265 to 1956) | 18·9 (16·5 to 21·6)* | 7·0 (5·3 to 9·1)* | 29 467 (22 694 to 36 268) | 34 603 (26 905 to 42 282) | 17·4 (14·4 to 20·5)* | 9·1 (6·8 to 11·8)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 95 (66 to 124) | 119 (84 to 156) | 25·2 (22·5 to 28·1)* | 0·8 (0·2 to 1·6)* | 1838 (1263 to 2441) | 2209 (1529 to 2916) | 20·2 (17·7 to 22·9)* | 0·8 (0·1 to 1·8)* | ||
| Breast cancer | 39 (28 to 50) | 48 (35 to 61) | 22·1 (16·9 to 27·0)* | −0·3 (−1·5 to 1·3) | 1064 (765 to 1369) | 1276 (926 to 1644) | 20·0 (14·2 to 25·5)* | −0·1 (−1·6 to 1·7) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 727 (476 to 992) | 859 (572 to 1161) | 18·1 (15·8 to 20·8)* | 1·3 (0·5 to 2·5)* | 14 621 (9264 to 20 247) | 16 673 (10 684 to 22 821) | 14·0 (11·2 to 17·2)* | 2·5 (1·6 to 4·1)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 305 (169 to 449) | 333 (188 to 485) | 9·2 (6·1 to 12·8)* | 1·3 (0·4 to 3·0)* | 5049 (2688 to 7537) | 5291 (2875 to 7911) | 4·8 (1·4 to 8·4)* | 2·1 (1·1 to 3·8)* | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 184 (142 to 229) | 247 (192 to 306) | 34·2 (30·1 to 38·2)* | 0·6 (−0·3 to 1·5) | 6896 (4991 to 9242) | 9154 (6647 to 12 251) | 32·7 (29·8 to 35·5)* | 1·4 (0·8 to 2·1)* | ||
| Metabolic risks: all causes | 14 403 (13 691 to 15 063) | 16 860 (16 021 to 17 697) | 17·1 (15·1 to 19·2)* | 6·0 (5·1 to 7·0)* | 335 227 (315 739 to 357 389) | 381 845 (357 846 to 409 436) | 13·9 (11·5 to 16·0)* | 6·9 (5·2 to 8·4)* | ||
| High fasting plasma glucose: all causes | 4212 (3647 to 5047) | 5240 (4547 to 6217) | 24·4 (21·5 to 27·4)* | 13·3 (11·5 to 15·3)* | 117 101 (102 561 to 133 960) | 143 076 (125 125 to 163 477) | 22·2 (19·5 to 24·8)* | 15·3 (13·1 to 17·5)* | ||
| Tuberculosis | 133 (83 to 189) | 118 (73 to 169) | −11·1 (−19·7 to −3·5)* | 5·4 (2·1 to 8·3)* | 4313 (2737 to 5960) | 3802 (2430 to 5304) | −11·9 (−19·5 to −5·2)* | 4·2 (−0·6 to 8·1) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1415 (946 to 2016) | 1761 (1175 to 2528) | 24·4 (19·9 to 29·1)* | 6·8 (5·3 to 8·4)* | 27 891 (19 565 to 37 687) | 33 535 (23 674 to 45 228) | 20·2 (17·1 to 23·4)* | 8·1 (6·9 to 9·5)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 454 (257 to 803) | 514 (291 to 913) | 13·2 (7·9 to 20·3)* | 6·0 (4·0 to 8·6)* | 7750 (4771 to 12 343) | 8524 (5350 to 13 291) | 10·0 (6·0 to 14·3)* | 7·6 (6·1 to 9·6)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 529 (366 to 728) | 585 (408 to 802) | 10·5 (6·4 to 15·6)* | 8·3 (6·8 to 10·2)* | 12 434 (8510 to 17 327) | 13 556 (9361 to 18 929) | 9·0 (5·3 to 13·1)* | 9·7 (8·3 to 11·5)* | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1150 (1121 to 1177) | 1519 (1470 to 1576) | 32·1 (27·7 to 36·3)* | .. | 49 725 (41 868 to 58 982) | 64 135 (53 490 to 76 113) | 29·0 (26·2 to 31·7)* | .. | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 299 (279 to 314) | 418 (389 to 441) | 39·5 (35·4 to 43·5)* | .. | 8713 (7991 to 9466) | 11 258 (10 303 to 12 225) | 29·2 (25·9 to 32·5)* | .. | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 149 (105 to 192) | 216 (153 to 278) | 44·9 (39·7 to 50·1)* | 6·2 (5·1 to 7·4)* | 3260 (2284 to 4222) | 4467 (3172 to 5743) | 37·0 (32·0 to 42·4)* | 8·0 (6·6 to 9·4)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 68 (48 to 89) | 89 (63 to 114) | 30·0 (24·2 to 36·0)* | 9·2 (7·6 to 11·0)* | 2106 (1466 to 2770) | 2570 (1805 to 3358) | 22·1 (17·1 to 27·1)* | 10·5 (8·5 to 12·6)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 6 (4 to 8) | 9 (6 to 12) | 47·2 (39·6 to 55·6)* | 10·3 (7·8 to 13·1)* | 695 (453 to 983) | 936 (615 to 1313) | 34·6 (31·8 to 37·5)* | 9·3 (7·6 to 11·2)* | ||
| High total cholesterol: all causes | 3816 (2973 to 4849) | 4313 (3324 to 5512) | 13·0 (9·5 to 16·2)* | 1·4 (−0·6 to 3·2) | 81 691 (68 219 to 96 877) | 88 687 (74 558 to 105 681) | 8·6 (5·8 to 11·0)* | 0·9 (−1·5 to 3·1) | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 3279 (2594 to 4016) | 3743 (2906 to 4650) | 14·1 (10·2 to 17·7)* | −2·2 (−3·5 to −1·0)* | 71 723 (60 172 to 84 381) | 78 590 (65 999 to 92 772) | 9·6 (6·6 to 12·1)* | −1·3 (−2·0 to −0·6)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 537 (220 to 1058) | 569 (221 to 1127) | 6·0 (−1·8 to 11·5) | −2·7 (−6·2 to −0·5)* | 9968 (5939 to 16 618) | 10 098 (5961 to 16 912) | 1·3 (−2·7 to 4·9) | −2·0 (−3·5 to −0·5)* | ||
| High systolic blood pressure: all causes | 9212 (8326 to 10 101) | 10 704 (9601 to 11 787) | 16·2 (13·9 to 18·6)* | 5·2 (4·0 to 6·4)* | 18 9579 (172 703 to 206 696) | 211 816 (192 712 to 231 114) | 11·7 (9·2 to 14·1)* | 4·4 (2·2 to 6·4)* | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 79 (54 to 117) | 80 (56 to 121) | 1·7 (−3·2 to 7·0) | 4·4 (2·9 to 6·3)* | 2377 (1588 to 3481) | 2363 (1615 to 3402) | −0·6 (−4·9 to 3·9) | 5·4 (3·6 to 7·3)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 4135 (3408 to 4840) | 4862 (3955 to 5740) | 17·6 (14·7 to 20·2)* | 0·9 (−0·0 to 1·7) | 79 828 (68 710 to 90 328) | 90 298 (77 837 to 102 138) | 13·1 (10·4 to 15·6)* | 1·4 (0·8 to 2·0)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 1367 (1083 to 1656) | 1489 (1167 to 1821) | 8·9 (4·7 to 13·5)* | 1·8 (0·4 to 3·4)* | 22 995 (18 429 to 26 872) | 24 198 (19 500 to 28 264) | 5·2 (1·8 to 8·7)* | 2·6 (1·8 to 3·7)* | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 1819 (1486 to 2144) | 1953 (1588 to 2313) | 7·4 (3·6 to 12·1)* | 4·4 (3·2 to 5·8)* | 41 530 (34 162 to 47 708) | 43 412 (36 092 to 49 999) | 4·5 (1·0 to 8·7)* | 4·7 (3·7 to 6·0)* | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 761 (712 to 824) | 962 (874 to 1025) | 26·5 (17·5 to 32·3)* | .. | 14 852 (13 919 to 16 053) | 17 485 (16 287 to 18 594) | 17·7 (11·6 to 22·9)* | .. | ||
| Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis | 121 (98 to 145) | 129 (104 to 157) | 7·3 (1·6 to 13·0)* | −1·1 (−3·3 to 1·2) | 3233 (2594 to 3859) | 3188 (2570 to 3795) | −1·4 (−6·3 to 4·0) | −0·4 (−2·9 to 2·3) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 50 (38 to 65) | 68 (50 to 90) | 35·2 (31·4 to 39·1)* | 0·0 (−1·2 to 1·3) | 1409 (1087 to 1820) | 1810 (1398 to 2347) | 28·5 (26·8 to 30·2)* | 1·2 (0·6 to 1·9)* | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 49 (39 to 58) | 60 (47 to 71) | 22·7 (17·3 to 27·2)* | −1·1 (−2·0 to −0·2)* | 928 (771 to 1080) | 1110 (925 to 1291) | 19·7 (13·6 to 23·7)* | 0·3 (−0·4 to 1·1) | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 11 (8 to 14) | 14 (10 to 19) | 33·0 (25·1 to 42·0)* | −2·4 (−4·3 to −0·5)* | 265 (184 to 386) | 346 (235 to 505) | 30·4 (26·2 to 34·9)* | 0·0 (−1·2 to 1·1) | ||
| Endocarditis | 22 (17 to 28) | 28 (22 to 36) | 26·7 (21·8 to 31·6)* | 0·8 (−0·5 to 2·0) | 518 (403 to 644) | 640 (496 to 792) | 23·5 (18·0 to 29·1)* | 3·7 (1·0 to 6·3)* | ||
| Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases | 176 (154 to 199) | 211 (182 to 240) | 19·8 (15·0 to 24·4)* | 0·8 (−0·2 to 1·7) | 5165 (4411 to 6058) | 6267 (5304 to 7424) | 21·3 (17·6 to 25·1)* | 3·5 (2·4 to 4·7)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 132 (95 to 167) | 190 (135 to 240) | 43·5 (39·5 to 47·5)* | 1·6 (0·9 to 2·4)* | 3186 (2231 to 4120) | 4365 (3085 to 5671) | 37·0 (33·5 to 40·5)* | 3·0 (2·3 to 3·8)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 409 (377 to 428) | 550 (502 to 576) | 34·5 (30·0 to 38·7)* | .. | 10 366 (9401 to 10 985) | 12 737 (11 489 to 13 554) | 22·9 (18·6 to 27·4)* | .. | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 76 (54 to 97) | 98 (71 to 125) | 28·8 (23·9 to 34·0)* | 7·1 (5·5 to 8·8)* | 2151 (1481 to 2852) | 2584 (1808 to 3384) | 20·1 (15·9 to 24·5)* | 7·5 (5·5 to 9·6)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 8 (6 to 11) | 12 (8 to 15) | 42·2 (34·0 to 50·6)* | 5·3 (2·7 to 8·1)* | 777 (513 to 1063) | 1013 (668 to 1386) | 30·4 (28·1 to 33·1)* | 4·6 (3·2 to 6·2)* | ||
| High body-mass index: all causes | 3314 (2241 to 4504) | 3960 (2728 to 5332) | 19·5 (15·8 to 23·6)* | 10·0 (7·2 to 13·5)* | 98 478 (67 219 to 131 972) | 120 132 (83 829 to 158 409) | 22·0 (18·1 to 26·8)* | 14·8 (11·7 to 19·0)* | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | 67 (20 to 123) | 71 (22 to 130) | 6·2 (−3·4 to 16·8) | 10·7 (1·3 to 20·5)* | 1573 (459 to 2901) | 1644 (516 to 3015) | 4·5 (−5·3 to 15·8) | 12·3 (2·8 to 22·9)* | ||
| Colon and rectal cancer | 48 (29 to 70) | 62 (38 to 91) | 28·9 (25·5 to 32·9)* | 4·7 (2·5 to 7·3)* | 1050 (632 to 1527) | 1329 (809 to 1924) | 26·6 (23·3 to 30·6)* | 6·2 (4·0 to 8·8)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis B | 24 (9 to 48) | 28 (11 to 54) | 17·9 (8·3 to 35·0)* | 16·0 (9·9 to 25·7)* | 762 (268 to 1511) | 870 (326 to 1678) | 14·2 (3·9 to 33·3)* | 18·5 (11·5 to 29·7)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to hepatitis C | 15 (6 to 26) | 20 (9 to 35) | 32·8 (25·8 to 40·8)* | 9·2 (4·0 to 14·4)* | 325 (141 to 574) | 421 (186 to 733) | 29·5 (21·7 to 38·8)* | 12·0 (6·2 to 18·4)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to alcohol use | 21 (8 to 41) | 30 (11 to 56) | 38·0 (28·8 to 50·1)* | 8·9 (3·6 to 13·9)* | 529 (202 to 1034) | 729 (282 to 1393) | 37·7 (27·3 to 52·3)* | 11·2 (5·8 to 17·3)* | ||
| Liver cancer due to other causes | 12 (5 to 22) | 14 (6 to 25) | 18·4 (9·2 to 31·4)* | 16·3 (8·8 to 26·6)* | 317 (127 to 583) | 360 (150 to 646) | 13·3 (3·6 to 28·1)* | 18·7 (10·2 to 30·1)* | ||
| Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer | 18 (10 to 27) | 21 (12 to 31) | 14·5 (6·3 to 22·5)* | 1·2 (−3·1 to 5·2) | 362 (209 to 547) | 402 (233 to 596) | 11·0 (3·6 to 18·6)* | 3·1 (−1·0 to 7·3) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 17 (6 to 29) | 23 (8 to 40) | 35·4 (31·6 to 39·5)* | 3·3 (0·6 to 5·7)* | 350 (122 to 614) | 463 (163 to 812) | 32·5 (28·8 to 36·7)* | 4·4 (2·0 to 6·8)* | ||
| Breast cancer | 25 (14 to 39) | 34 (20 to 52) | 36·5 (25·1 to 48·0)* | 7·9 (3·1 to 13·9)* | 551 (299 to 887) | 774 (439 to 1214) | 40·4 (24·5 to 57·5)* | 8·9 (1·7 to 17·3)* | ||
| Uterine cancer | 26 (17 to 35) | 31 (21 to 41) | 19·6 (11·4 to 28·9)* | 8·3 (5·1 to 13·1)* | 654 (441 to 891) | 780 (538 to 1041) | 19·2 (10·1 to 29·8)* | 10·0 (6·2 to 15·5)* | ||
| Ovarian cancer | 4 (0 to 9) | 5 (0 to 11) | 26·3 (22·1 to 31·7)* | 4·3 (2·3 to 7·5)* | 98 (−3 to 221) | 124 (−4 to 275) | 26·0 (21·5 to 31·7)* | 5·0 (2·8 to 8·6)* | ||
| Kidney cancer | 18 (12 to 24) | 24 (16 to 33) | 34·2 (29·8 to 38·8)* | 1·5 (−0·6 to 3·7) | 410 (272 to 565) | 541 (364 to 741) | 31·9 (27·7 to 36·3)* | 1·8 (−0·8 to 4·9) | ||
| Thyroid cancer | 2 (1 to 4) | 3 (2 to 5) | 32·5 (22·6 to 41·1)* | 5·9 (0·4 to 11·3)* | 62 (35 to 96) | 90 (50 to 141) | 45·6 (32·8 to 57·8)* | 10·6 (3·8 to 16·8)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1228 (824 to 1687) | 1436 (960 to 1965) | 16·9 (13·2 to 20·9)* | 1·9 (−0·5 to 4·5) | 28 614 (19 490 to 38 838) | 33 038 (22 659 to 44 539) | 15·5 (12·1 to 19·1)* | 4·4 (2·3 to 6·9)* | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 313 (203 to 449) | 320 (204 to 470) | 2·3 (−4·1 to 8·1) | −1·9 (−6·4 to 2·5) | 7020 (4693 to 9683) | 7318 (4859 to 10 062) | 4·2 (−0·1 to 8·9) | 2·7 (−0·6 to 6·4) | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 606 (390 to 850) | 651 (431 to 894) | 7·3 (1·9 to 13·9)* | 6·9 (2·9 to 11·7)* | 18 122 (11 921 to 24 775) | 19 636 (13 414 to 26 434) | 8·4 (3·3 to 15·0)* | 10·3 (6·6 to 15·6)* | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 234 (144 to 341) | 308 (182 to 455) | 32·0 (20·8 to 42·0)* | 4·9 (−0·5 to 10·3) | 5010 (3364 to 6854) | 6313 (4255 to 8539) | 26·0 (19·4 to 33·6)* | 6·8 (3·3 to 11·2)* | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 408 (293 to 532) | 555 (404 to 718) | 36·0 (30·5 to 42·2)* | 3·6 (0·9 to 6·8)* | 21 809 (15 245 to 29 011) | 30 396 (21 544 to 39 884) | 39·4 (34·7 to 44·8)* | 7·7 (5·3 to 11·4)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 78 (40 to 124) | 119 (62 to 187) | 51·5 (41·5 to 62·0)* | 8·0 (4·0 to 12·4)* | 2205 (1075 to 3430) | 3231 (1645 to 4932) | 46·5 (40·2 to 55·0)* | 10·0 (7·0 to 14·1)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 94 (45 to 151) | 134 (61 to 217) | 42·5 (25·6 to 53·4)* | 5·3 (−1·1 to 9·3) | 2315 (1159 to 3656) | 3193 (1634 to 4945) | 37·9 (31·6 to 45·0)* | 8·1 (5·1 to 11·7)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 36 (15 to 61) | 46 (19 to 78) | 27·4 (11·2 to 42·7)* | 7·0 (−2·9 to 14·7) | 1275 (473 to 2206) | 1583 (612 to 2662) | 24·1 (16·8 to 35·7)* | 10·9 (6·6 to 17·1)* | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 3 (1 to 6) | 5 (1 to 9) | 53·8 (10·0 to 69·1)* | 16·2 (4·2 to 24·5)* | 510 (223 to 850) | 696 (308 to 1140) | 36·3 (31·0 to 43·2)* | 9·7 (6·8 to 13·5)* | ||
| Osteoarthritis | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1648 (949 to 2565) | 2393 (1391 to 3716) | 45·2 (42·1 to 49·6)* | 7·4 (5·4 to 10·4)* | ||
| Low back pain | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2501 (1415 to 4001) | 3299 (1896 to 5222) | 31·9 (29·4 to 35·6)* | 8·6 (6·8 to 11·4)* | ||
| Low bone mineral density: all causes | 283 (261 to 295) | 361 (325 to 381) | 27·7 (22·8 to 32·9)* | 12·6 (8·4 to 17·2)* | 7499 (6494 to 8674) | 8810 (7565 to 10 270) | 17·5 (13·9 to 21·1)* | 7·8 (4·6 to 11·0)* | ||
| Pedestrian road injuries | 44 (41 to 48) | 50 (46 to 56) | 14·4 (6·5 to 21·6)* | 5·5 (2·7 to 8·4)* | 974 (882 to 1071) | 1072 (948 to 1199) | 10·0 (2·2 to 17·2)* | 7·0 (3·7 to 10·7)* | ||
| Cyclist road injuries | 4 (4 to 5) | 5 (4 to 5) | 10·5 (1·0 to 20·0)* | 8·0 (3·9 to 12·4)* | 240 (193 to 298) | 273 (215 to 343) | 13·5 (7·3 to 19·1)* | 10·9 (6·1 to 15·4)* | ||
| Motorcyclist road injuries | 11 (9 to 12) | 14 (12 to 16) | 31·4 (16·4 to 48·5)* | 10·9 (4·3 to 17·5)* | 439 (366 to 517) | 559 (461 to 655) | 27·2 (18·2 to 37·3)* | 11·4 (5·2 to 16·5)* | ||
| Motor vehicle road injuries | 29 (26 to 32) | 33 (29 to 37) | 13·6 (6·1 to 21·7)* | 4·8 (1·5 to 7·5)* | 1029 (882 to 1196) | 1163 (982 to 1357) | 13·0 (7·1 to 18·6)* | 6·4 (3·2 to 9·3)* | ||
| Other road injuries | 1 (1 to 2) | 2 (1 to 2) | 28·3 (12·6 to 47·9)* | 0·6 (−10·6 to 11·8) | 51 (40 to 64) | 70 (54 to 88) | 35·6 (26·3 to 45·0)* | 7·2 (−5·5 to 19·7) | ||
| Other transport injuries | 8 (7 to 10) | 10 (8 to 12) | 19·6 (8·1 to 32·9)* | 4·1 (0·4 to 7·4)* | 219 (192 to 252) | 247 (208 to 306) | 13·0 (2·9 to 25·1)* | 2·4 (−1·6 to 5·9) | ||
| Falls | 170 (151 to 179) | 230 (199 to 245) | 35·3 (29·0 to 42·3)* | 2·3 (−1·2 to 6·1) | 3987 (3362 to 4758) | 4816 (4020 to 5788) | 20·8 (17·2 to 24·7)* | −0·9 (−4·3 to 3·1) | ||
| Other exposure to mechanical forces | 8 (7 to 9) | 10 (7 to 11) | 21·1 (5·5 to 29·8)* | 7·7 (0·0 to 13·4)* | 316 (255 to 390) | 361 (280 to 454) | 14·2 (5·7 to 19·1)* | 4·4 (−0·5 to 8·2) | ||
| Non-venomous animal contact | 1 (1 to 1) | 1 (1 to 1) | 6·4 (−2·5 to 24·9) | 3·7 (−4·8 to 10·7) | 20 (17 to 24) | 20 (17 to 25) | 1·1 (−5·9 to 15·2) | −1·1 (−9·2 to 5·5) | ||
| Assault by other means | 5 (5 to 6) | 6 (5 to 6) | 7·5 (1·4 to 14·1)* | 2·4 (−2·8 to 7·3) | 183 (154 to 215) | 187 (156 to 222) | 2·1 (−2·8 to 7·7) | −1·2 (−6·2 to 3·8) | ||
| Exposure to forces of nature | .. | .. | .. | .. | 40 (24 to 58) | 42 (26 to 62) | 6·3 (−21·5 to 40·4) | 274·6 (178·4 to 423·0)* | ||
| Low glomerular filtration rate: all causes | 1991 (1881 to 2107) | 2426 (2290 to 2559) | 21·9 (19·2 to 24·5)* | 10·7 (8·7 to 12·6)* | 47 131 (44 090 to 50 123) | 54 433 (50 890 to 57 912) | 15·5 (12·7 to 18·2)* | 10·4 (8·0 to 12·9)* | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 589 (526 to 656) | 691 (618 to 770) | 17·3 (14·7 to 20·1)* | 0·0 (−1·8 to 2·0) | 9659 (8602 to 10 739) | 10 901 (9711 to 12 188) | 12·9 (10·0 to 15·8)* | 0·7 (−1·1 to 2·7) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 230 (197 to 267) | 250 (215 to 288) | 8·6 (5·0 to 12·6)* | 0·4 (−1·9 to 3·0) | 3323 (2845 to 3822) | 3427 (2934 to 3932) | 3·1 (−0·5 to 6·9) | 0·2 (−2·3 to 3·0) | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 228 (192 to 271) | 242 (206 to 282) | 6·1 (1·8 to 11·0)* | 2·5 (−0·3 to 5·8) | 4391 (3699 to 5126) | 4492 (3791 to 5191) | 2·3 (−2·0 to 7·1) | 1·9 (−1·1 to 5·3) | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 6 (5 to 7) | 8 (6 to 9) | 36·1 (27·3 to 46·4)* | −0·4 (−3·8 to 3·2) | 131 (96 to 187) | 172 (125 to 244) | 30·6 (26·4 to 35·7)* | 0·2 (−1·7 to 2·4) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus | 299 (279 to 314) | 418 (389 to 441) | 39·5 (35·4 to 43·5)* | .. | 8713 (7991 to 9466) | 11 258 (10 303 to 12 225) | 29·2 (25·9 to 32·5)* | .. | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension | 409 (377 to 428) | 550 (502 to 576) | 34·5 (30·0 to 38·7)* | .. | 10 366 (9401 to 10 985) | 12 737 (11 489 to 13 554) | 22·9 (18·6 to 27·4)* | .. | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis | 206 (185 to 218) | 238 (213 to 256) | 15·6 (10·9 to 20·2)* | .. | 7720 (6930 to 8332) | 8136 (7294 to 8861) | 5·4 (1·3 to 9·3)* | .. | ||
| Chronic kidney disease due to other causes | 24 (20 to 29) | 30 (25 to 35) | 23·9 (17·8 to 30·2)* | .. | 2689 (2209 to 3238) | 3128 (2518 to 3803) | 16·3 (13·1 to 19·2)* | .. | ||
| Gout | .. | .. | .. | .. | 138 (91 to 191) | 181 (120 to 250) | 31·2 (29·3 to 33·1)* | 0·9 (−0·0 to 1·8) | ||
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. PAF=population attributable fraction.
*
Statistically significant increase or decrease.