TABLE 1—
Patient Characteristics and Outcomes by Payer Status: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample, United States, 2006–2014
| Characteristic | Medicare, No. (%) or Mean (95% CI) | Medicaid, No. (%) or Mean (95% CI) | Private Insurance, No. (%) or Mean (95% CI) | Self-Pay, No. (%) or Mean (95% CI) | Other, No. (%) or Mean (95% CI) |
| Count | 15 864 (6.0) | 77 224 (29.1) | 56 877 (21.4) | 78 020 (29.4) | 37 299 (14.1) |
| Age, y | 57 (55.8, 57.7) | 26 (25.7, 26.2) | 32 (31.2, 32.1) | 29 (29.4, 30.0) | 31 (30.2, 31.0) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 13 224 (83.4) | 66 344 (86.5) | 48 783 (86.2) | 72 285 (93.2) | 34 247 (92.5) |
| Female | 2 624 (16.6) | 10 381 (13.5) | 7 797 (13.8) | 5 266 (6.8) | 2 781 (7.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 8 732 (64.2) | 11 377 (16.6) | 21 100 (44.1) | 15 480 (22.9) | 8 255 (24.5) |
| Black | 3 634 (26.7) | 40 209 (58.8) | 18 069 (37.8) | 36 490 (53.9) | 15 994 (47.5) |
| Hispanic | 796 (5.9) | 13 230 (19.4) | 6 139 (12.8) | 12 407 (18.3) | 7 288 (21.6) |
| Other | 444 (3.3) | 3 555 (5.2) | 2 505 (5.2) | 3 310 (4.9) | 2 156 (6.4) |
| Median household income | |||||
| 0–25th percentile ($1–$37 999) | 6 989 (45.3) | 42 465 (58.0) | 22 027 (39.7) | 41 563 (55.3) | 18 006 (50.1) |
| 26th–50th percentile ($38 000–$47 999) | 4 256 (27.6) | 16 440 (22.5) | 14 720 (26.5) | 18 696 (24.9) | 8 703 (24.2) |
| 51st–75th percentile ($48 000–$63 999) | 2 750 (17.8) | 10 265 (14.0) | 11 483 (20.7) | 10 498 (14.0) | 6 415 (17.9) |
| 76th–100th percentile (≥ $64 000) | 1 421 (9.2) | 3 995 (5.5) | 7 296 (13.1) | 4 389 (5.8) | 2 791 (7.8) |
| ISS | |||||
| 0–9 | 9 885 (62.4) | 42 786 (55.4) | 34 474 (60.6) | 46 212 (59.2) | 21 611 (57.9) |
| 10–15 | 2 126 (13.4) | 14 491 (18.8) | 9 743 (17.1) | 15 495 (19.9) | 7 553 (20.3) |
| 16–25 | 3 209 (20.2) | 14 368 (18.6) | 9 982 (17.6) | 13 022 (16.7) | 6 333 (17.0) |
| ≥ 26 | 636 (4.0) | 5 559 (7.2) | 2 679 (4.7) | 3 292 (4.2) | 1 805 (4.8) |
| Average | 10 (9.5, 10.3) | 11 (11.2, 11.5) | 10 (10.0, 10.4) | 10 (10.0, 10.4) | 10 (10.3, 10.7) |
| Length of stay, d | 8 (7.4, 8.3) | 9 (9.4, 9.7) | 6 (6.2, 6.8) | 6 (5.3, 5.8) | 7 (7.0, 7.9) |
| Intent | |||||
| No E-code | 1 559 (9.8) | 6 726 (8.7) | 4 261 (7.5) | 4 525 (5.8) | 3 338 (9.0) |
| Unintentional | 4 757 (30.0) | 13 892 (18.0) | 15 821 (27.8) | 16 158 (20.7) | 6 785 (18.2) |
| Self-inflicted | 4 394 (27.7) | 3 583 (4.6) | 7 299 (12.8) | 4 869 (6.2) | 2 066 (5.5) |
| Assault | 4 144 (26.1) | 48 941 (63.4) | 26 675 (46.9) | 47 390 (60.7) | 23 293 (62.5) |
| Undetermined | 966 (6.1) | 3 961 (5.1) | 2 748 (4.8) | 4 947 (6.3) | 1 768 (4.7) |
| Disposition | |||||
| Routine discharge | 7 211 (45.5) | 53 188 (69.0) | 38 336 (67.4) | 60 833 (78.1) | 29 356 (78.9) |
| Transfer to short-term hospital | 628 (4.0) | 2 052 (2.7) | 2 171 (3.8) | 1 129 (1.5) | 759 (2.0) |
| Transfer to other (SNF, ICF) | 3 707 (23.4) | 8 762 (11.4) | 5 628 (9.9) | 3 295 (4.2) | 2 237 (6.0) |
| Home health care | 1 723 (10.9) | 6 795 (8.8) | 5 559 (9.8) | 3 723 (4.8) | 2 096 (5.6) |
| Left AMA | 143 (0.9) | 1 342 (1.7) | 318 (0.6) | 1 745 (2.2) | 439 (1.2) |
| Died in hospital | 2 415 (15.2) | 4 929 (6.4) | 4 786 (8.4) | 7 135 (9.2) | 2 315 (6.2) |
| Discharged to court, law enforcement | 5 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | 10 (0.0) |
| Discharged alive, destination unknown | 16 (0.1) | 59 (0.1) | 45 (0.1) | 26 (0.0) | 15 (0.0) |
Note. AMA = against medical advice; CI = confidence interval; ICF = intermediate care facility; ISS = Injury Severity Score; SNF = skilled nursing facility.