Table 1.
Patient characteristics and outcomes
| Parameter | All (n = 138) | No AKI (n = 65) | Any AKI (n = 73) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 65.5 (49–76) | 61 (41–72) | 69 (54–77) | 0.006 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 80 (58.0) | 41 (63.1) | 39 (53.4) | 0.252 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| IHD, n (%) | 22 (15.9) | 11 (16.9) | 11 (15.1) | 0.766 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 49 (35.5) | 21 (32.3) | 28 (38.4) | 0.459 |
| Admission diagnosis category, n (%) | ||||
| Acute kidney injury | 8 (5.8) | – | 8 (11.0) | |
| Cardiac emergency | 6 (4.3) | 3 (4.6) | 3 (4.1) | |
| Gastrointestinal emergency | 13 (9.4) | 8 (12.3) | 5 (6.8) | |
| Liver failure | 3 (2.1) | – | 3 (4.1) | |
| Metabolic emergency | 4 (2.9) | – | 4 (5.5) | |
| Neurological emergency/overdose | 13 (9.4) | 12 (18.5) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Post surgery | 25 (18.1) | 13 (20) | 12 (16.4) | |
| Respiratory failure | 27 (19.6) | 17 (26.1) | 10 (13.7) | |
| Sepsis | 39 (28.3) | 12 (18.5) | 27 (37.0) | |
| Parameters on admission to ICU | ||||
| APACHE II, mean (SD) | 19.4 (6.3) | 16.2 (5.1) | 22.2 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score, mean (SD) | 7.5 (3.7) | 6.0 (3.0) | 8.9 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Lactate (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.7 (1.1–3.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.9 (1.2–4.5) | 0.005 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 10 (7–19) | 10 (6–14) | 12 (7–30) | 0.031 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 39 (28.3) | 12 (18.5) | 27 (37.0) | 0.016 |
| Parameters in first 24 hours in ICU | ||||
| Cumulative fluid balance (ml), median (IQR) | 3196 (1606–5166) | 2561 (1088–4023) | 3730 (2316–5800) | 0.002 |
| No AKI, n (%) | 77 (55.8) | – | 77 (55.8) | |
| Any stage of AKI, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 14 (10.1) | – | 14 (10.1) | |
| 2 | 14 (10.1) | – | 14 (10.1) | |
| 3 without RRT | 5 (3.6) | – | 5 (3.6) | |
| 3 with RRT | 28 (20.3) | – | 28 (20.3) | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| MI (in ICU), n (%) | 20 (14.5) | 9 (13.9) | 11 (15.1) | 0.839 |
| Maximum stage of AKI stage during stay in ICU, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 13 (9.4) | – | 13 (9.4) | |
| 2 | 12 (8.7) | – | 12 (8.7) | |
| 3 without RRT | 8 (5.8) | – | 8 (5.8) | |
| 3 with RRT | 40 (29.0) | – | 40 (29.0) | |
APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, AKI acute kidney injury, ICU intensive care unit, IHD ischaemic heart disease, IQR interquartile range, MI myocardial infarction, RRT renal replacement therapy, SD standard deviation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment