Table 1.
Comorbidity factors in Alzheimer’s disease progression
| Source | Influence on rate | Ref | |
| of decline | |||
| Vascular risk factors | Blom et al., 2013; Blom et al., 2014 | unclear | [41, 42] |
| Abellan van Kan et al., 2009 | = | [3] | |
| Roselli et al., 2009 | > | [5] | |
| Hypertension | Musicco et al., 2009 | = | [9] |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Abellan van Kan et al., 2009; Musicco et al., 2009; Sakurai et al., 2011; Li et al., 2010; Li et al., 2008; Ciobica et al., 2011 | = | [3, 9, 44–47] |
| Helzner et al., 2009; Li et al., 2008 | > (only LDL) | [4, 46] | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Dominguez et al., 2012; Ravona-Springer et al., 2010; Sanz et al., 2009; Musicco et al., 2009; Mielke et al., 2007 | < | [6–9, 48] |
| Helzner et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010 | > | [4, 45] | |
| Abellan van Kan et al., 2009; Sakurai et al., 2011; Chaves et al., 2010; Bhargava et al., 2006 2009; van Bruchem-Visser et al., 2009; Regan et al., 2006 | = | [3, 44, 49–52] | |
| Obesity | Abellan van Kan et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010 | = | [3, 45] |
| Dumont et al., 2003 | > | [27] | |
| Smoke | Bhargava et al., 2006; van Bruchem-Visser et al., 2009; Regan et al., 2006 | = | [50–52] |
| High educational level | Roselli et al., 2009; Musicco et al., 2009; Musicco et al., 2010; Teri et al., 1995; Scarmeas et al., 2006 | > | [5, 9, 10, 53, 54] |
| Pavlik et al., 2006 | < | [55] | |
| Marra et al., 2000; Kinkingnéhun et al., 2008 | = | [11, 14] | |
| Low education | Musicco et al., 2009 | < | [9] |
| Low age of onset | Musicco et al., 2009; Musicco et al., 2010; Buccione et al., 2007; O’Hara et al., 2002; Teri et al., 1995; Mungas et al., 2009 | > | [9, 10, 23, 24, 53, 56] |
| Boller et al., 1991; Kinkingnéhun et al., 2008; Stern et al., 1994; Burns et al., 1991; Haupt et al., 1992 | = | [12, 14, 16, 17, 57] | |
| Higher age of onset | Nyth et al., 1991; Carcaillon et al., 2007 | > | [13, 22] |
| BPSD | Teri et al., 1995 | > (agitation) | [53] |
| Wilkosz et al., 2010 | > | [25] | |
| Drachman et al., 1990 | = | [15] | |
| Mangone et al., 2004 | > | [58] | |
| Palmer et al., 2011 | > (disinhibition) | [26] | |
| Wilkosz et al., 2010 | > | [25] | |
| Starkstein et al., 2006 | > (apathy) | [59] | |
| Moderate-severe cognitive decline at baseline | Morris et al., 1993; Musicco et al., 2010; Marra et al., 2000; Burns et al., 1991; Sona et al., 2012; Carcaillon et al., 2007; Buccione et al., 2007; Dumont et al., 2003; Ito et al., 2010. | > | [1, 10, 11, 17, 21–23,27, 60] |
| Cognitive Deficits | Musicco et al., 2010; Marra et al., 2000; Buccione et al., 2007; O’Hara et al., 2002; Mann et al., 1992 | > (executive) | [10, 11, 23, 24, 61] |
| Kinkingnéhun et al., 2008 | > (attention) | [14] | |
| Smith et al., 2001 | > (apraxia) | [62] | |
| Burns et al., 1991 | = (apraxia/aphasia) | [17] | |
| Lower ADL at baseline | Sona et al., 2012 | > | [21] |
| Neurological signs | Schmidt et al., 2010 | > | [63] |
| Mangone et al., 2004; Scarmeas et al., 2005 | > (motor signs) | [58, 64] | |
| Drachman et al., 1990 | =(extrapir. signs) | [15] | |
| AChEI assumption | Sona et al., 2012; Carcaillon et al., 2007 | > | [21, 22] |
| Roselli et al., 2009 | < | [5] | |
| Sex | Kinkingnéhun et al., 2008; Drachman et al., 1990; Stern et al., 1994 | = | [14–16] |
| Roselli et al., 2009 | > (male) | [5] | |
| Familiarity for dementia | Drachman et al., 1990; Stern et al., 1994 | = | [15, 16] |
| Burns et al., 1991 | > | [17] | |
| Genetic Biomarkers | Cosentino et al., 2008; Craft et al., 1998 | > | [65, 66] |
| (ApoE ɛ4) | Wilkosz et al., 2010; Kester et al., 2009 | = | [25] |
| Van der Viles et al., 2009 | < | [67] |
>, increases; <, reduction; =, unchanged; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; AChEI, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; BPSD, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.