Table 2.
Diagnostic value of HA in MPM
| Function | Method/specimen | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| HA is associated with malignant tumor of the pleura | Enzymatic analysis/pleural fluid | Meyer and Chaffee. 1940 [85] |
| HA proposed as a diagnostic tool | Electrophoresis/Pleural fluids | Boersma et al. 1975 [91] |
| HA as a major GAG confirms MPM diagnosis | Electrophoresis/MPM and other tumor tissues | Waxler et al. 1979 [94] |
| High HA is a clinical finding in MPM | GAG-degrading enzyme assay/pleural tissues | Arai et al. 1979 [36] |
| Increased total GAG aids in differential diagnosis between diffuse MPM and ADC | IHC/MPM tissues | Kawai et al. 1985 [95] |
| HA indicates diffuse MPM | Colorimetric assay/pleural fluids | Matzel and Schubert. 1979 [93] |
| HA aids in differential diagnosis between MPM and primary ADC | Electrophoresis/MPM and other tumor tissues | Chiu et al. 1984 [87] |
| Increased HA level is associated with tumor damage | IHC/pleural effusions | Thylen et al. 1999 [88] Dahl et al. 1989 [35] |
| HA is an indicator for MPM | HPLC/pleural and peritoneal effusions | Roboz et al. 1985 [86] |
| Increased serum HA indicates progressive MPM | Radiometric assay/patient serum | Frebourg et al. 1987 [34] Dahl et al. 1984 Thylen et al. 1994 |
| HA and chondroitin sulfate are basic features of MPM | IHC/tumor tissues and pleural fluids | Nakano et al. 1986 [96] |
| Positive HA staining highly predictive of MPM | HA-binding probe/MPM and ADC tissues | Azumi et al. 1992 [90] |
| Presence of HA distinguishes MPM from ADC | IHC, HPLC/pleural effusion and tumor tissues | Klominek et al. 1989 [89] Attanoos et al. 1997 [80] |
| High HA with CEA aid in differential diagnosis of MPM | Radiometric assay/Pleural fluids and patient serum | Atagi et al. 1997 [92] Pettersson et al. 1988 [33] |
| Increased HA-binding in pleural effusion cells serves as additional diagnostic marker | [3H] hyaluronate binding assay/primary cell cultures | Teder et al. 1996 [99] |
| High intracellular HA delineates MPM from ADC | IHC/serous fluids | Afify et al. 2005 [81] |
| Increased HA level is not specific for MPM diagnosis | ELISA assay/Pleural effusions and serum | Hillerdal et al. 1991 [98] |
| Combination of HA and cytology may improve diagnosis of MPM | Immunoassay and IHC/pleural effusions | Welker et al. 2007 [97] |
| HA >100 000 ng/ml recommended as diagnostic indicator for MPM | ELISA assay pleural fluids of MPM and other tumors | Fujimoto et al. 2013 [31] |
| High HA is associated with MPM | IHC/MPM tissues | Töronnen et al. 2016 [83] |
MPM malignant pleural mesothelioma, ADC adenocarcinoma, HA hyaluronic acid, GAG glycosaminoglycan, IHC immunohistochemistry, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography