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. 2016 Oct 24;45(4):e20. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw957

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© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 7. — Alternate hypothetical GOs to assess multifunctionality. Constraining the ontology to reduce or change multifunctionality can be done by ‘Shadowing’ GO to obtain members ‘not’ in GO. Selecting orthogonal groups to force minimal overlaps (Ortho-GO), or weighting the genes (Weigh-GO) so that overall membership is the same also constrains multifunctionality. A targeted version (Local-GO) has a more specific and hypothesis driven basis, where a known function is pre-selected, and other GO groups are selected that do not intersect with each other.