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. 2016 Oct 30;45(5):2865–2874. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1020

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© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 1. — The dnaX messenger RNA (mRNA) construct. The dnaX mRNA contains Escherichia coli dnaX frameshifting signals; an SD sequence, a slippery sequence and a downstream hairpin structure. An initiation codon (AUG) and two stop codons (UGA) for in-frame and -1-frame are encoded. The single SD sequence plays two roles as an initiation and a frameshifting promoting signals. The slippery sequence codes for two consecutive lysines. After the slippery sequence, -1 frame codes for different codons. in vitro translated products from the dnaX mRNA showed 84% frameshifting efficiency. Deleting the hairpin in the box reduces the frameshifting efficiency to 20% and mutating the SD sequence to AUAUCA (mSD) to 50%. Mutating the slippery sequence to a non-slippery G AAG AAG sequence, which is still coding for two lysines, reduced the frameshifting efficiency to 2%.