. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Youth Adolesc. 2016 Nov 9;46(5):1057–1075. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0596-x

Table 4. Description of Latent Classes and Distal Outcomes Analyses.

Achievement Emphases Latent Classes	Low-Both	Low Mom/ Neutral Dad	Neutral-Both	High Dad/ Neutral Mom	High Mom/ Neutral Dad	High-Both	Overall Model χ²(5) Test
	n=149	n=36	n=119	n=71	n=26	n=93	-

Dad Achievement emphasis	-1.11 (0.78)^a	0.34 (3.68)	-0.22 (2.57)	1.07 (5.16)	-0.51 (1.97)	1.05 (5.11)	-
Mom Achievement emphasis	-1.08 (0.48)	-0.98 (0.68)	0.07 (2.68)	0.13 (2.80)	1.25 (4.94)	1.37 (5.17)	-

Parental Criticism	-0.30_b	-0.10_bc	-0.29_b	0.31_a	0.53_ac	0.28_ac	34.72^*
Internalizing symptoms	-0.12_a	0.06_a	-0.32_b	0.13_a	0.48_ab	0.17_a	24.62^*
Externalizing symptoms	-0.21_b	-0.10_ab	-0.20_b	0.18_a	0.29_ab	0.27_a	20.27^*
Self-esteem	0.22_bc	-0.37_a	0.42_b	-0.28_a	-0.54_ac	-0.02_ac	39.97^*
Cumulative GPA	0.25_bc	-0.20_ac	0.41_b	-0.13_a	-0.67_a	-0.24_a	25.06^*
Teacher-rated Acting Out	-0.08_a	-0.12_a	-0.10_a	0.04_ab	0.05_ab	0.27_b	15.11^*
Teacher-rated Learning Problems	-0.08_a	-0.10_a	-0.22_a	-0.07_a	0.21_ab	0.38_b	15.03^*

Note. Latent class membership was based on the model with child sex included as a direct covariate on the indicator variables, i.e., Mom and Dad achievement emphases. Mom and Dad Achievement Emphases variables were based on children's reports on each individual parent's values. All variables included in the model were z-scores, and values here represent standardized scores.

Values in parentheses represent the raw scores for Mom and Dad Achievement emphases in each of the latent classes.

Pairwise mean comparisons are indicated using subscripts, where values with the same subscripts had statistically equivalent means.

p<.01.