Table 1.
Summary of research covering subcortical shape analyses in Parkinson’s disease (PD).
| Reference | N | PD duration (years) | Hoehn and Yahr | Shape method | Structures analyzed | Regions of shape significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McKeown et al. (16) | 18 PD:18 Non-PD | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 2–3 | SPHARM | Thal | Left and right thalamus |
| Apostolova et al. (15) | 12 PDND, 8 PDMCI, 15 PDD: 20 non-PD | 14.3 ± 5.1 PDND, 10.5 ± 4.3 PDMCI, 13.1 ± 7.8 PDD | 2–3 | Radial distance mapping | Hipp, Caud, Lat Vent | Left and right caudate head in PDMCI and PDD versus non-PD; PDD larger ventricles bilaterally versus non-PD and larger right versus PDND and PDMCI |
| Sterling et al. (11) | 40 PD: 40 non-PD | 4.1 ± 4.2 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | SPHARM-PDM | Puta and Caud | Putamen and caudate; putamen atrophy greater contralateral than ipsilateral |
| Lee et al. (3) | 49 PD: 53 non-PD | 1.37 ± 1.21 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | FSL FIRST vertex | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP, Nuc Accu, Hipp, Amyg | Left and right posterolateral and ventromedial putamen |
| Mak et al. (21) | 65 PD-NCI: 25 PD-MCI | 5.4 ± 4.3 PD-NCI, 5.0 ± 2.7 PD-MCI | 1.88 ± 0.39 | FSL FIRST vertex | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP, Nuc Accu, Hipp, Amyg | No PD-NCI and PD-MCI group differences |
| Menke et al. (17) | 20 PD: 19 non-PD | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | FSL FIRST vertex | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP, Nuc Accu, Hipp, Amyg | Right GP |
| Garg et al. (13) | 244 PD: 191 non-PD | Not specified | Not specified | Surface displacement based on LDDMM | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP | Bilateral thalamus, caudate, putamen, GP |
| Nemmi et al. (14) | 21 PD: 20 non-PD | 7.4 ± 5.4 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | FSL FIRST vertex | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP, Nuc Accu, Hipp, Amyg | Left caudate, bilateral putamen |
| Nyberg et al. (18) | 21 PD: 20 non-PD | 5.5 ± 3.4 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | FSL FIRST vertex | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP, Nuc Accu, Hipp, Amyg | Right nucleus accumbens |
| Caligiuri et al. (12) | 42 PD: 30 non-PD | 1.33 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | FSL FIRST vertex | Thal, Caud, Puta, GP, Nuc Accu, Hipp, Amyg | Bilateral putamen |
SPHARM, spherical harmonics; SPHARM-PDM, spherical harmonics point distribution model; LDDMM, large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping; PDND, Parkinson’s disease (PD) non-demented; PDMCI, PD mild cognitive impairment; PDD, PD dementia; PD-NCI, PD not cognitively impaired; PD-MCI, PD mild cognitive impairment; Thal, thalamus; Caud, caudate nucleus; Puta, putamen; GP, globus pallidus; Nuc Accu, nucleus accumbens; Hipp, hippocampus; Amyg, amygdala.