Fig. 5.

AMPK and AKT mediate ROS regulation in tumor progression and treatment: a-b Under metabolic stress, AMPK and AKT manipulate ROS regulation and influence cell survival. The basal ROS indicate the ROS level under normal condition. c-d ROS load is increased by inducing ROS production or suppressing antioxidants. The effects are magnified when combined with chemo/radiotherapy. e ROS and antioxidant capacities are increased with tumor progression. f Compared to normal tissues, cancer cells are more susceptible to ROS targeting therapy, chemo/radiotherapy or their combined application