Table 2.

Selected neuroscience evidence supporting the theory of constructed emotion

Observation	Method	Example Citations
Degeneracy: mapping many neurons, regions, networks or patterns to one emotion category	Human neuroimaging: task-related data	(Vytal and Hamann, 2010; Lindquist et al., 2012; Wilson-Mendenhall et al., 2011, 2015; Oosterwijk et al, 2015)
Degeneracy: mapping many neurons, regions, networks or patterns to one emotion category	Human neuroimaging: multi-voxel pattern analysis	(Clark-Polner, Johnson and barrett, 2016); compare the different patterns for a given emotion category across (Kragel and LaBar, 2015; Wager et al., 2015; Saarimaki et al., 2016)
Degeneracy: mapping many neurons, regions, networks, or patterns to one emotion category	Intracranial stimulation in humans	(Guillory and Bujarski, 2014)
Degeneracy: mapping many neurons, regions, networks, or patterns to one emotion category	Behavioral observations in humans with amygdala lesions	(Becker et al., 2012; Mihov et al., 2013)
Degeneracy: mapping many neurons, regions, networks, or patterns to one emotion category	Optogenetic research showing many to one mappings for behaviors in rodents	(Herry and Johansen, 2014)
Neural reuse: Mapping one neural assembly to many emotion categories	Human neuroimaging: task-related data	(Vytal and Hamann, 2010; Wilson-Mendenhall et al., 2011; Lindquist et al., 2012)
Neural reuse: Mapping one neural assembly to many emotion categories	Human neuroimaging: intrinsic connectivity data	(Wilson-Mendenhall et al., 2011; Barrett and Satpute, 2013; Touroutoglou et al., 2015)
Neural reuse: Mapping one neural assembly to many emotion categories	Optogenetic research and some lesion research in rodents	(Tovote et al., 2015)
Predictive coding explains aversive (‘fear’) learning	Optogenetic research and some lesion research in rodents	(Furlong et al., 2010; McNally et al., 2011; Li and McNally, 2014)
Emotion concepts are embodied	Human neuroimaging: task-related data	(Oosterwijk et al., 2012, 2015)
Multimodal summaries of emotion concepts are represented in the default mode network	Human neuroimaging: task-related data	(Peelen et al., 2010; Skerry and Saxe, 2015)
Default mode and salience network interconnectivity is associated with the intensity of emotional experiences (as distinct from arousal)	Human neuroimaging: task-related data	(Raz et al., 2016)
Embodied simulations are associated with increased activity in primary interoceptive cortex	Human neuroimaging: task-related data	(Wilson-Mendenhall et al., under review)