Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of participant-level variables (N = 217)
| Variable | Mean | s.d. | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 18.48 | 0.55 | 16–20 | 0.49 | 1.67 |
| Grit | 25.55 | 4.30 | 16–38 | 0.16 | −0.57 |
| RAPM | 24.16 | 5.59 | 6–36 | −0.29 | 0.02 |
| NEO-FFI | |||||
| Neuroticism | 33.84 | 6.52 | 15–48 | −0.16 | −0.16 |
| Extraversion | 42.48 | 6.18 | 25–58 | −0.08 | −0.14 |
| Openness | 41.26 | 4.77 | 31–57 | 0.30 | 0.00 |
| Agreeableness | 42.04 | 3.62 | 31–52 | −0.07 | −0.05 |
| Conscientiousness | 39.49 | 5.83 | 22–55 | −0.02 | 0.30 |
| Academic performance | 520.49 | 73.28 | 301–645 | −0.56 | 0.01 |
Note: N = number; s.d. = standard deviation; RAPM, Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrix; NEO-FFI, NEO Five-Factor Inventory.