Table 1.

Verbal cues used in the Explicit Task to experimentally control the incidence of emotion attribution when observing the facial expressions of Humans, Non-human Primates and Dogs.

Attentional focus
Emotion	Expression
annoyed?	baring teeth?
bored?	gazing up?
confident?	looking at the camera?
excited?	mouth closed?
reflective?	mouth open?

Emotion cues prompted participants to evaluate the emotional state implied by the target expression, while Expression cues prompted participants to evaluate a factual statement about the target expression itself. Each cue was paired with six targets from each stimulus category. Every target appeared twice during the Explicit Task, once paired with an Emotion cue and once with a Verbal cue. Thus, the Emotion > Expression contrast is attentional.