Table 2.
Impact of prebiotic supplementation on the composition of infant microbiota.
| Prebiotic (dose)Source | Nutrition base | Subject (feeding duration) | Study group (n) | Major effect of the prebiotic | References (Country) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOS (2.4 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infant < 28 d (3 mo) | GOS (20) | • ↑ counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli | 91 (China) | |
| Frisolac Advanced, Friesland | Control (18) | • ↑ acetic acid level and stool frequency | ||||
| Nutrition, Netherlands | HM reference (15) | • ↓ fecal pH | ||||
| |
|
|
GOS + HM (29) |
|
|
|
| GOS (4 g/L) Vivinal GOS; Friesland Foods Domo, Amersfoort, | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 15 d (up to 70 d of age) | GOS (83) | • ↓ Clostridium count | 92 (Italy) | |
| The Netherlands | Control (80) | |||||
| |
|
|
HM reference (199) |
|
|
|
| GOS (4.4 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants < 8 wk (until 4 mo of age), microbiota were analyzed at 4 mo of age | GOS (40) | • ↑ Bifidobacterium count | 93 (Spain) | |
| Source not reported | Control (29) | • ↑ proportion of acetate | ||||
| • ↑ stool frequency and softness | ||||||
| |
|
|
|
• ↓ fecal pH, proportions of propionate and butyrate |
|
|
| GOS (2 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants | GOS (43) | • ↑ counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli | 94 (Not reported) | |
| Source not reported | Control (17) | |||||
| |
|
|
HM reference (20) |
|
|
|
| GOS (3 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 31–54 d (2 wk) | GOS (9) | • ↑ Bifidobacterium abundance | 95 (Japan) | |
| OM55N; Yakult Pharmaceutical | Control (13) | • ↓ Shannon index | ||||
| Industry, Tokyo, Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FOS (1.5 or 3 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 2–6 wk (1wk) | FOS 1.5 and FOS 3 as crossover (58) | • The counts of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and clostridia were similar among the 2 FOS groups | 96 (US) | |
| Raftilose®P95; Orafti, Tienen, Belgium |
|
|
HM reference (14) |
• FOS 3 had softer stool than FOS 1.5. |
|
|
| FOS (4 g/L) | Infant formula | Preterm infants at 0–14 d (14 d), microbiota were analyzed at study d 7 | FOS (36) | • ↑ numbers of bifidobacteria and bacteroides | 97 (Greece) | |
| Source not reported | Maltodextrins (20) | • ↑ stool frequency | ||||
| |
|
|
|
• ↓ counts of E. coli and enterococci |
|
|
| scFOS (4 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 0–7 d (4 mo) | FOS (18) | • Greater increase in Bifidobacterium counts after 2 mo feeding | 98 (France) | |
| Acilight 950P; Beghin Meiji, Marckolsheim, France |
Maltodextrins (15) |
|
|
|
|
|
| OF (3 g/L) | Infant formula | Health term infants at 5–14 d (8 wk) | OF (20) | • Greater increase in Bifidobacterium | 99 (US) | |
| OraftiR P95; BENEO-Orafti | Control (19) | • Softer stool | ||||
| |
|
|
HM reference (23) |
|
|
|
| FOS (2 or 3 g/ L) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 0–6 d (4 wk) | FOS 2 (14) | • No effects on population of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, C. difficile, E. coli or Bacteroides. | 100 (US) | |
| Source not reported | FOS 3 (20) | |||||
| Control (14) | ||||||
| |
|
|
HM reference (17) |
|
|
|
| FOS (4.5 g/L) | Growing –up Formula | Infants with antibiotic treatment at 1–2 y (3 wk) | FOS (57) | • ↑counts of bifidobacteria after 1 wk | 101 (Chile) | |
| (OF and inulin 70:30 ratio) | Control (56) | • The other bacteria were unaffected. | ||||
| Raftilose P95 and Raftiline in 70:30 ratio, Orafti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| FOS (0.75 g/25 g cereal) | Cereal | Infants at 4–11 mos (28 d) | FOS (27) | • ↑ stool frequency and softness | 102 (France) | |
| Source not reported | Maltodextrin (29) | |||||
| OF (2 g/ d) | Cereal | Healthy children at 6–24 months (21 d) | OF (10) | • ↓ Clostridium levels | 103 (US) | |
| Beneo P95; Orafti |
|
|
Maltodextrin (12) |
• Trend for increase of Bifidobacterium |
|
|
| OF/Inulin (8 g/L, 1:1 ratio) | Infant formula | Healthy term newborn (until 4 months of age) | OF/inulin(63) | • ↑ Bifidobacterium counts | 104 (Spain) | |
| Synergy 1; BENEO-Orafti | Control (68) | • Softer stools and a higher deposition frequency | ||||
| |
|
|
HM as reference (57) |
|
|
|
| OF/inulin (4 or 8 g/L, 1:1 ratio) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants ≤ 5 d (28d) | OF/inulin 4 (21) | • Greater increase in Bifidobacterium counts with 8 g/L of OF/inulin | 105 (Belgium) | |
| Synergy 1; BENEO-Orafti | OF/inulin 8 (20) | • Softer stool | ||||
| Control (21) | ||||||
| scGOS+lcFOS (19) | ||||||
| |
|
|
HM as reference (29) |
|
|
|
| Inulin, 1.5 g/d | Infant formula | Healthy infants at 5–24 wk (3wk) | Inulin and Control as crossover (14) | • ↑ count s of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | 106 (Korea) | |
| Frutafit IQ, Roosendaal, Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Inulin (0.75, 1.00 or 1.25 g/d) | Follow-up formula | Healthy infants at 5–12 mo (14d) | Inulin 0.75 (10) | • ↓ clostridia counts and fecal pH | 107 (Malaysia) | |
| Frutafit IQ | Inulin 1 (9) | • ↑ bifidobacteria numbers with 1.25 g/d inulin | ||||
| Inulin 1.25 (9) | ||||||
| |
|
|
Control (8) |
|
|
|
| LOS (5 or 10 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy infants at 2–10 wk (3 wk) | LOS 5, LOS 10 and Control as crossover (6) | • ↑ Bifidobacterium counts | 108 (Not Reported) | |
| Produced by alkaline | • ↓ fecal pH | |||||
| isomerization of lactose |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| PDX/GOS (4 g/L, 1:1 ratio) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at d14 (until 120 d of age) | PDX/GOS (58) | • Softer stool | 109 (US) | |
| PDX/GOS/LOS (8 g/L. 50:33:17 ratio) | PDX/GOS/LOS(48) | |||||
| Source not reported |
|
|
Control (58) |
|
|
|
| PDX/ GOS (4 g/L, 1:1 ratio) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 21–30 d (60 d) | GOS/PDX (78) | • ↑ Bifidobacterium counts | 110 (US) | |
| Litesse Two PDX; Danisco, Beaminster, UK) and Vivinal GOS;Friesland Foods Domo, Zwolle, The Netherlands | Control (81) | • Softer stool | ||||
| |
|
|
HM as reference (71) |
|
|
|
| PDX/GOS (4 g/L; 1:1 ratio) | Infant formula | Healthy term infants at 13–92 d (28 d) | PDX/GOS (23) | • No impact on the bacterial composition were observed | 111 (US) | |
| PDX/GOS/LOS (4 or 8 g/L, 3:2:1 ratio) | PDX/GOS/LOS 4 (23) | |||||
| Litesse Two PDX; Danisco, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Vivinal GOS; Friesland Foods Domo, Zwolle, The Netherlands and Morinage Milk Industry, Tokyo, Japan | PDX/GOS/LOS 8 (21) | |||||
| Control (21) | ||||||
| |
|
|
HM as reference (29) |
|
|
|
| AOS(2 g/L) | Infant formula | Healthy term newborns (6 wk) | AOS (14) | • ↓ stool pH; softer stool | 112 (Italy) | |
| AOS/GOS/FOS (2 g/L, 25:67.5:7.5 ratio) | AOS/GOS/FOS (13) | • AOS/GOS/FOS also ↑ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus counts and stool frequency | ||||
| AOS from Richter Pharma,Wels, Austria; the source for GOS/FOS are unknown |
|
|
Maltodextrin (14) |
• No effect on the numbers of Clostridia, E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Enterococci |
|
|
| AOS/scGOS/lcFOS/ | Enteral supplementation | Preterm infants < 2d (until 30 d of age) | scGOS/lcFOS/AOS (55) | • ↑ total bacteria count at d14 | 113 (Netherlands) | |
| (1.5 g/kg/d, 20:72:8 ratio) | maltodextrin (58) | • ↓ fecal pH | ||||
| Danone Research, Friedrichsdorf, Germany |
Note. AOS, acidic oligosaccharides; E. coli, Escherichia coli; FOS, fructooligosaccharide, GOS, galactooligosaccharide; OF, Oligofructose; LOS, lactulose, OF; PDX, polydextrose