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(A) DNA is added to the electroporation buffer, (B) electropermeabilization of the cell membrane and DNA contact/insertion with/into the membrane, (C) transfer across the membrane and into the nucleus, (D) gene expression. Corresponding fluorescence images below: electropermeabilization (PI), interaction of DNA with the membrane (TOTO), transfer into cytoplasm (RHODAMIN) and gene expression (GFP).
