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. 2017 Apr 13;11(4):e0005490. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005490

Table 2. Conditional logistic regression analysis of cholera risk factors in Ben Tre, southern Vietnam, 2010.

Variable Univariate analysis Multivariate analysisa
Crude OR (95% CI) p Adjusted OR (95% CI) p
Sociodemographic factors
    Age (years)b 1.07 (0.99–1.15) 0.074 1.07 (0.97–1.17) 0.187
    Education level
        Secondary or higher ref ref
        Primary education or illiterate 3.49 (1.32–9.22) 0.012 4.89 (1.18–20.19) 0.028
Hygiene
    Flush toilet in house 0.82 (0.40–1.66) 0.574 n/ac n/ac
    Main source of water close to a toilet 3.60 (1.62–7.99) 0.002 4.36 (1.37–13.88) 0.013
    Self-perceived changes in the color, odor, appearance and taste of water 1.99 (0.84–4.71) 0.119 - -
    Bathes with sedimented river water 2.84 (1.52–5.31) 0.001 2.33 (0.93–5.82) 0.070
    Brushes teeth/gargles with sedimented river water 2.80 (1.44–5.48) 0.003 - -
Drinking water
    Drinks iced tea 11.89 (3.85–36.70) <0.001 8.40 (1.84–39.25) 0.006
    Drinks water with ice
        Never ref
        Sometimes, often or always 2.11 (1.01–4.40) 0.046 - -
    Drinks boiled water
        Always ref ref
        Sometimes, often or never 2.71 (1.44–5.09) 0.002 2.62 (1.03–6.67) 0.044
    Drinks sedimented river water 2.58 (0.94–7.06) 0.064 - -
    Drinks stored rainwater 0.25 (0.12–0.53) <0.001 0.17 (0.04–0.63) 0.008
    Drinks bottled water 1.78 (0.81–3.90) 0.149 - -
    Drinks indoor tap water 0.89 (0.19–4.11) 0.880 n/ac n/ac
Food exposure/practices
    Uses sedimented river water for cooking 2.93 (1.54–5.58) 0.001 - -
    Uses stored rainwater for cooking 0.39 (0.20–0.79) 0.008 - -
    Uses indoor tap water for cooking 0.40 (0.11–1.54) 0.184 - -
    Eats cooked seafood 0.37 (0.20–0.70) 0.002 0.27 (0.10–0.73) 0.009
    Eats raw seafood or seafood cooked rare 1.50 (0.40–5.65) 0.549 n/ac n/ac
    Eats steamed vegetables 0.26 (0.11–0.61) 0.002 0.22 (0.07–0.70) 0.011
    Eats raw vegetables 0.64 (0.32–1.26) 0.195 - -
    Eats fruits 1.97 (0.69–5.61) 0.207 - -
Others
    Lives with people who had acute diarrhea 7.20 (2.41–21.48) <0.001 13.72 (2.77–67.97) 0.001
    Travels out of town 2.57 (1.26–5.23) 0.009 - -

Reference is the absence of a characteristic, unless otherwise specified. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

aThe analysis was based on 265 observations with complete data. The estimated pseudo-R-squared of the final model was 44.9%.

bAge was modeled as a continuous variable.

cThis variable was not selected for multivariate analysis due to a corresponding p-value above 0.25 in univariate analysis.