Table 1. Characteristics of the baseline sample of the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), 2007-2012, stratified according to eye status (bilateral phakic persons, unilateral pseudophakia and bilateral pseudophakia).
| Subjects: | Bilateral phakic persons (13993) | Unilateral pseudophakia (228) | Bilateral pseudophakia (452) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (Women) | 49.4% (6918) | 51.3% (117) | 52.4% (237) |
| Age [y] | 54.0 (45.0/64.0) | 68.0 (63.0/72.0) | 70.0 (65.0/72.0) |
| SES (median and interquartile-range) | 13.00 (9.00/17.00) | 11.00 (8.00/15.00) |
10.00 (8.00/13.33) |
| Residence (rural) | 46.5% (6506) | 52.2% (119) | 48.9% (221) |
|
Cardiovascular Risk factors: |
|||
| Diabetes (yes) 1 | 8.7% (1216) | 17.1% (39) | 24.5% (110) |
| Obesity (yes) 2 | 24.7% (3452) | 29.4% (67) | 39.2% (177) |
| Smoking (yes) | 19.8% (2762) | 9.7% (22) | 14.0% (63) |
| Hypertension (yes) 3 | 48.6% (6797) | 64.5% (147) | 72.1% (326) |
| Dyslipidemia (yes) 4 | 34.1% (4761) | 43.2% (98) | 47.9% (216) |
| FH of MI/Stroke (yes) 5 | 22.0% (3076) | 22.4% (51) | 25.4% (115) |
| Anthropometry: | |||
| BMI [kg/m2] | 27.3±5.0 | 28.1±4.7 | 29.1±5.2 |
| Weight [kg] | 79.7±16.6 | 78.5±15.4 | 81.0±15.8 |
| Height [cm] | 171±9 | 167±10 | 167±9 |
| Waist [cm] | 94.3±13.9 | 97.3±13.4 | 100.0±13.8 |
| Hip [cm] | 102.0±9.9 | 102.6±9.1 | 104.1±10.5 |
| WHR | 0.924±0.092 | 0.947±0.090 | 0.960±0.088 |
| Lipids: | |||
| Cholesterol [mmol/l] | 221±41 | 224±38 | 220±44 |
| HDL [mg/dl] | 57.3±15.6 | 60.0±17.4 | 57.3±16.7 |
| LDL [mg/dl] | 139±36 | 140±33 | 138±37 |
| Triglycerides [mg/dl] | 105.0 (78.0/147.0) | 104.2 (79.2/140.0) | 114.0 (83.0/159.0) |
| Ophthalmic parameters: |
Pseudophakic/ phakic eyes |
||
| Glasses (yes) | 88.8% (12431) | 96.5% (220) | 97.8% (442) |
| Distance glasses (yes) | 67.2% (9402) | 81.6% (186) | 68.8% (311) |
| Contact lenses (yes) | 4.7% (651) | 1.3% (3) | 0% (0) |
| Reading glasses (yes) | 71.8% (10049) | 95.2% (217) | 92.9% (420) |
| Intraocular pressure [mmHg] | 14.3±2.8 | 14.0±2.8 | 14.0±3.3 |
| Central corneal thickness [μm] | 554±35 | 555±35 | 553±37 |
| Refraction: Sphere [dpt] |
−0.123±2.433 | −0.63±1.38 / -0.28±2.83 |
−0.500±1.165 |
| Cylinder [dpt] in median (interquartile-range) |
−0.375 (−0.750/-0.125) | −0.75 (−1.21/-0.50) / −0.50 (−1.00/-0.25) |
−0.625 (−1.000/-0.375) |
| Visual acuity [logMAR] | 0.07±0.12 | 0.24±0.28/ 0.22±0.27 | 0.16±0.17 |
| Cataract as determined by slit-lamp examination | 31.1% (4348) | 70.6% (161) | Not applicable |
| Eye diseases (self-reported): | |||
| Glaucoma (yes) | 2.0% (275) | 10.5% (24) | 7.3% (33) |
| AMD (yes) | 0.4% (56) | 2.2% (5) | 1.5% (7) |
| Corneal disease (yes) | 1.9% (263) | 4.8% (11) | 4.0% (18) |
Means ± standard deviation are reported for normally distributed data, absolute and relative frequency are reported for dichotomous variables, and medians and quartile ranges are reported otherwise. Abbreviations: (AMD: age-related macular degeneration; BMI: body mass index; FH: family history; HDL: high-density lipoproteins; LDL: low-density lipoproteins; MI: myocardial infarction; SES: socio-economic status; WHR: waist-hip ratio; 1 HBA1C ≥ 6.5 or diabetic medication use or diagnosis by physician; 2 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; 3 hypertension diagnosed by a physician or systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or anti-hypertensive medication;4 LDL/HDL ratio >3.5 or lipid-lowering medication use; 5 Family history of myocardial infarction or family history of stroke.)